Liberalism in the United Kingdom

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This article gives an overview of liberalism in the United Kingdom. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme, it is not necessary that parties labelled themselves as a liberal party.

Background

In the United Kingdom, the word liberalism can have any of several meanings. Scholars use the term to refer to classical liberalism; the term also can mean economic liberalism, social liberalism or political liberalism; it can simply refer to the politics of the Liberal Democrat party; it can occasionally have the imported American meaning, including the derogatory usage by (American) conservatives. However, the derogatory connotation is much weaker in the UK than in the US, and social liberals from both the left and right wing continue to use liberal and illiberal to describe themselves and their opponents, respectively.

Historically, the term referred to the broad liberal political alliance of the nineteenth century, formed by Whigs, Peelites, and radicals. This alliance, which developed into the Liberal Party, dominated politics for much of the reign of Queen Victoria and during the years before the First World War.

British liberalism is now organised mainly in the social liberalism of the Liberal Democrats (member LI, ELDR). The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (member LI, ELDR) is their counterpart in Northern Ireland.

Some members of the Conservative Party, most notably the late former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, regard that party as the closest major party to classical liberalism, because of its commitment to low taxation and economic deregulation. This may change with the election of David Cameron as leader.

In his speech to the party conference in 2006, Cameron described the party as a "liberal conservative" party, and in a speech in Bath on Thursday 22 March 2007, he described himself as a liberal Conservative.^[1] Furthermore, Cameron set up a web-site designed to appeal to Liberal Democrat members and making heavy use of traditionally liberal rhetoric.^[2] During the 2010 general election Nick Clegg, leader of the Liberal Democrats, said this of Conservative claims to the word liberal: "There is a gulf in values between myself and David Cameron. They have no progressive reform agenda at all—only an unbearable sense of entitlement that it’s just their time to govern"

1900s: the New Liberalism

For more details on this topic, see Social liberalism.

When the Liberals lost the 1895 general election, a political crisis shook the Liberal Party. Until that, the Liberal Party adhered to the Gladstonian liberalism, a free market and imperialist form of liberalism, but after the 1895 many Liberals claimed for a political reform. The reformers' leaders were Thomas Hill Green and Herbert Samuel, that on the Progressive Review on Dececember 1896, said that the classical liberalism was "sapped and raddled", claiming for more state's powers.^[3] The Samuel's "New Liberalism" called for old-age pensions, labour exchanges (job-placement organizations), and workers' compensation, all prefiguring modern welfare. Many Liberals, including future Prime Ministers Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Winston Churchill, Herbert H. Asquith and Lloyd George, sceptics of non-interventionism on economy and free market, embraced the New Liberalism. During the Liberal Governments of 1905–1916, the Welfare state was etsablished: in 1908 were established the old-age pensions for people older than age 70; an income tax was introduced and in 1911 the National Insurance Act was approved.^[4]

However, the Great War of 1914 reduced the Liberal support from population, and the Liberals themselves split in two factions in 1918: the Asquith's supporters and the George's coupons. While Asquith became Leader of the Opposition, George forged a coalition with the Conservative leader Bonar Law, continuing to be Prime Minister. However, the Liberal internal conflict caused many reformer and radical voters to join in the Labour Party, while more conservative liberals merged to the Conservatives led by Stanley Baldwin. The 1924 general election signed the end of the Liberal Party as government force. However, the New Liberalism continued to be the preferred ideology by the Liberal Party, until its dissolution in 1988 when formed the Liberal Democrats.

Timeline of Liberal parties in Great Britain

Viscount Palmerston

From 1859 to 1899

1859: The Whigs merged with the Peelites and Radicals into the Liberal Party. The Liberal Party win an overall majority in the 1859 general election, winning 356 seats. Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1865: The Liberal Party win an overall majority in the 1865 general election, winning 369 seats. Lord Palmerston dies in office and is succeeded by John Russell, 1st Earl Russell.

William Gladstone

1868: The Liberal Party win an overall majority in the 1868 general election, winning 387 seats. William Ewart Gladstone becomes Prime Minister.
1874: The Liberal Party lose the 1874 general election, winning 242 seats. A Conservative Government is formed.
1880: The Liberal Party win an overall majority in the 1880 general election, winning 352 seats. Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1885: The Liberal Party gain the most seats (319 seats) in the 1880 general election but fail to win an overall majority with the Irish Nationalists holding the balance of power.
1886: Opponents of Irish Home Rule in the Liberal Party, led by Lord Hartington and Joseph Chamberlain, secede to form the Liberal Unionist Party. The Liberal Party lose the 1886 general election winning 191 seats. The Liberal Unionists win 77 seats and informally co-operate with the newly formed Conservative Government.
1892: The Liberal Party win 272 seats in the 1892 general election and Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the fourth time forming a minority government dependent on Irish Nationalist support. The Liberal Unionists win 45 seats.
1894: Gladstone resigns as Prime Minister and his successor is Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery.
1895: The Liberal Party lose the 1895 general election, winning 177 seats. The Liberal Unionists win 71 seats and with the Conservatives form an Unionist Government.

1900 to 1944

Campbell-Bannerman

1900: The Liberal Party win 184 seats in the 1900 general election. The Liberal Unionists win 68 seats and with the Conservatives form an Unionist Government.
1906: The Liberal Party win an overall majority in the 1906 general election, winning 396 seats. Henry Campbell-Bannerman becomes Prime Minister. This would prove to be the greatest victory for the Liberals and also the last time the Liberal Party won a majority in their own right. The Liberal Unionists win 25 seats.

H. H. Asquith

1908: Henry Campbell-Bannerman resigns as Prime Minister and is succeeded by H. H. Asquith.
1910: The Liberal Party win 274 seats and the Liberal Unionists win 32 seats in January 1910 general election. Asquith forms a government with the support of the Irish Nationalists. Another election is held in December, with the Liberal Party winning 272 seats and the Liberal Unionists winning 36 seats. This would prove the last time the Liberal Party won the highest number of seats in the House of Commons.
1912: The Liberal Unionists merge with the Conservatives to form the present-day Conservative and Unionist Party.
1915: After several British set backs in the First World War, H. H. Asquith invites the Conservatives to form a war-time coalition government. This marked the end of the last all Liberal government.

David Lloyd George

1916: H. H. Asquith loses support of the Conservative Party and David Lloyd George becomes Prime Minister. The Liberal Party is now split into two factions: one camp supporting Lloyd George and the other following Asquith.
1918: At the end of the war, a general election was held. The Liberal Party remained split with Lloyd George's Coalition Liberals winning 127 seats and the Asquith led Independent Liberals winning 36 seats. Lloyd George remains Prime Minister with Conservative support.
1922: Lloyd George is forced to resign after loss of support from the Conservatives. In the 1922 general election, the Lloyd George led National Liberals win 53 seats, whilst the Asquith led independent Liberals win 62 seats.
1923: The National Liberals and the Independent Liberals factions are re-united as one in support of free trade and the Liberal Party win 158 seats in the 1923 general election. It was the last election in which the Liberals won more than 100 seats.
1924: The Liberal Party are nearly wiped out and win only 40 seats in the 1924 general election.
1929: The Liberal Party win 59 seats in the 1929 general election.
1931: The Liberal Party agrees to join the National Government. After the National Government proposed to fight the 1931 election for a mandate of tariffs, the Liberal Party was split into three groups. A faction, led by John Simon, supported the protectionist government policy and formed the Liberal National Party. Another faction, led by Lloyd George, became the Independent Liberals. The third grouping, the 'official' Liberal Party, was led by Herbert Samuel. In the 1931 general election, the Liberal Nationals won 35 seats, the 'official' Liberals won 33 seats, the Independent Liberals won 4 seats.
1933: The 'official' Liberal Party leave the National Government.
1935: In the 1935 general election, the Liberal Nationals won 33 seats, the 'official' Liberals won 21 seats, the Independent Liberals won 4 seats. Lloyd George's Independent Liberals rejoined with the rest of the 'official' Liberal Party after the general election. The Liberal Nationals remain in the National Government.
1940: Both the Liberal Party and the Liberal National Party join the Churchill Wartime Government.

1945 to present day

1945: The Liberal Party win 12 seats, and the Liberal Nationals win 11 seats in the 1945 general election.
1947: The Liberal National Party is renamed National Liberal Party and formally merges with the Conservative Party at constituency level; however some MPs and candidates continue to use the National Liberal label (and variants thereof) for the next twenty years.
1950: The Liberal Party win 9 seats in the 1950 general election. Candidates under the National Liberals banner win 17 seats.
1951: The Liberal Party win 6 seats in the 1951 general election. National Liberals win 19 seats and with the Conservatives form a Conservative Government.
1955: The Liberal Party win 6 seats in the 1955 general election. National Liberals win 21 seats and with the Conservatives form a Conservative Government.
1959: The Liberal Party win 6 seats in the 1951 general election. National Liberals win 19 seats and with the Conservatives form a Conservative Government.
1964: The Liberal Party win 9 seats in the 1964 general election. National Liberals win 6 seats.
1966: The Liberal Party win 12 seats in the 1966 general election. National Liberals win 3 seats.
1968: The National Liberals merge completely with the Conservative Party.
1970: The Liberal Party win 6 seats in the 1970 general election.
1974: The Liberal Party win 14 seats in the February 1974 general election and hold the balance of power. The Liberal Party win 13 seats in the October 1974 general election.
1979: The Liberal Party win 11 seats in the 1979 general election.
1981: A faction in the Labour Party break away and form Social Democratic Party (SDP).
1983: An electoral and political alliance between the Liberal Party and SDP is formed. The Liberal Party win 17 seats and the SDP win 6 seats in the 1983 general election.
1987: The Liberal–SDP alliance win 22 seats in the 1987 general election.
1988: The Liberal Party merge with SDP into the Liberal Democrats. The anti merger Liberal Party and continuing SDP are formed.
1992: The Liberal Democrats win 20 seats in the 1992 general election.
1997: The Liberal Democrats win 46 seats in the 1997 general election.
2001: The Liberal Democrats win 52 seats in the 2001 general election.
2002: A splinter group of the Conservative Party, Pro-Euro Conservative Party merges into Liberal Democrats.
2005: The Liberal Democrats win 62 seats in the 2005 general election.
2010: The Liberal Democrats win 57 seats in the 2010 general election and form a coalition government with the Conservatives.
2015: The Liberal Democrats are nearly wiped out and win only 8 seats in the 2015 general election.

Timeline of Liberal parties in Northern Ireland

1956: The Ulster Liberal Association is formed, and is soon renamed as the Ulster Liberal Party.
1969: The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland is formed
1985: The Ulster Liberal Party fields its last candidate in a Northern Ireland election and subsequently endorses Alliance candidates instead.
1988: A small branch of the Liberal Democrats is formed in Northern Ireland. Like the Ulster Liberal Party, it supports Alliance Party candidates in elections.
2010: The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland win 1 seat in the 2010 General Election.

List of Liberal/Liberal led Governments of the United Kingdom^[5]

Prime Minister (Birth–Death) Constituency/Title	Term of office — Electoral mandates		Political party of Prime Minister	Government
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1784–1865) MP for Tiverton	12 June 1859	18 October 1865†	Liberal	Palmerston II
	1859, 1865		Liberal	Palmerston II
	Founded the Liberal Party in 1859, a few days prior to being elected ; term dominated by policy concerning the American Civil War; attempts to alleviate suffering caused by the Lancashire Cotton Famine. †Died in office.
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (1792–1878)	29 October 1865	26 June 1866	Liberal	Russell II
	—		Liberal	Russell II
	Attempted to introduce a further Reform Bill, but was opposed by his Cabinet.
William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) MP for Greenwich	3 December 1868	17 February 1874	Liberal	Gladstone I
	1868		Liberal	Gladstone I
	Introduced reforms to the British Army, Civil Service and local government; made peacetime flogging illegal; Irish Church Act 1869; Irish Land Act 1870; Education Act 1870; Trade Union Act 1871; Ballot Act 1872; Licensing Act 1872; failed to prevent the Franco-Prussian War.
William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) MP for Midlothian	23 April 1880	9 June 1885	Liberal	Gladstone II
	1880		Liberal	Gladstone II
	First Boer War; Irish Coercion Act; Kilmainham Treaty; Phoenix Park Murders; Married Women's Property Act 1882; Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883; Reform Act 1884, Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (sometimes known collectively as the Third Reform Act); failure to rescue General Gordon in Khartoum, Sudan.
William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) MP for Midlothian	1 February 1886	20 July 1886	Liberal	Gladstone III
	1885		Liberal	Gladstone III
	First introduction of the Home Rule Bill for Ireland, which split the Liberal Party, resulting in the end of Gladstone's third elected government.
William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) MP for Midlothian	15 August 1892	2 March 1894	Liberal	Gladstone IV
	1892§		Liberal	Gladstone IV
	§Minority government. Reintroduction of the Home Rule Bill, which was passed by the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords leading to his fourth and final resignation.
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (1847–1929)	5 March 1894	22 June 1895	Liberal	Rosebery
	—		Liberal	Rosebery
	Imperialist; plans for expanding the Royal Navy caused disagreement within the Liberal Party; resigned following a vote of censure over military supplies.
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1836–1908) MP for Stirling Burghs	5 December 1905	7 April 1908	Liberal	Campbell-Bannerman
	1906		Liberal	Campbell-Bannerman
	Restored autonomy to Transvaal and the Orange Free State; Anglo-Russian Entente; first Prime Minister to be referred to as such in Parliamentary legislation; died nineteen days after leaving office.
Herbert Henry Asquith (1852–1928) MP for East Fife	7 April 1908	25 May 1915	Liberal	Asquith I
	25 May 1915	7 December 1916		Asquith II (Lib.–Cons.–Lab.)
	Jan.1910§, Dec.1910§			Asquith II (Lib.–Cons.–Lab.)
	§Hung Parliaments. Liberal Welfare Reforms; People's Budget; Old Age Pensions Act 1908 and National Insurance Act 1911; Parliament Act 1911; Suffragettes and the Cat and Mouse Act; Home Rule Act 1914; First World War; Easter Rising.
David Lloyd George (1863–1945) MP for Caernarvon Boroughs	7 December 1916	19 October 1922	Liberal	Lloyd George (Lib.–Cons.–Lab.)
	1918		Liberal	Lloyd George (Lib.–Cons.–Lab.)
	Welsh-speaking: only Prime Minister whose mother tongue was not English. End of First World War; Paris Peace Conference; attempted to extend conscription to Ireland during the First World War; Chanak Crisis.

Liberal leaders

Whigs: Charles James Fox - Charles Earl Grey
The Liberal Party: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston - John Russell, 1st Earl Russell - William Ewart Gladstone - Lord Rosebery- Henry Campbell-Bannerman - Herbert Henry Asquith - David Lloyd George - Herbert Samuel - Archibald Sinclair - Clement Davies - Jo Grimond - Jeremy Thorpe - David Steel
Liberal Democrats: Paddy Ashdown - Charles Kennedy - Menzies Campbell - Nick Clegg - Tim Farron

Liberal thinkers

In the Contributions to liberal theory the following British thinkers are included:

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
John Locke (1632–1704)
John Trenchard (1662–1723)
Thomas Gordon (c. 1692 – 1750)
David Hume (1711–1776)
Richard Price (1723–1791)
Adam Smith (1723–1790)
Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)
Thomas Paine (1737–1809)
Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832)
James Mill (1773–1836)
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)
Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
Thomas Hill Green (1836–1882)
Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (1864–1929)
William Beveridge (1879–1963)
John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)
Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992)
Karl Raimund Popper (1902–1994)
John Hicks (1904–1989)
Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997)
Ralf Dahrendorf (1929–2009)
David Laws (born 1965)

External links

Liberal Democrat History Group
Liberal Globe Blog for left-leaning liberal interventionism

References

↑ http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj_id=135823
↑ "LibDems 4 Cameron". Archived from the original on 18 December 2005.
↑ John Hoffer (2014). "New liberalism". Encyclopædia Britannica.
↑ Duncan Brack (2012). "The New Liberalism". Liberal Democrat History Group.
↑ Rogers, Simon (2010-05-12). "Every British prime minister listed since 1721". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-10-05.

Liberalism in Europe

Sovereign states	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom

States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria

Dependencies and other territories	Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard

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