List of North American folk music traditions
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This is a list of folk music traditions, with styles, dances, instruments and other related topics. The term folk music can not be easily defined in a precise manner; it is used with widely varying definitions depending on the author, intended audience and context within a work. Similarly, the term traditions in this context does not connote any strictly-defined criteria. Music scholars, journalists, audiences, record industry individuals, politicians, nationalists and demagogues may often have occasion to address which fields of folk music are distinct traditions based along racial, geographic, linguistic, religious, tribal or ethnic lines, and all such peoples will likely use different criteria to decide what constitutes a "folk music tradition". This list uses the same general categories used by mainstream, primarily English-language, scholarly sources, as determined by relevant statements of fact and the internal structure of works.
These traditions may coincide entirely, partially or not at all with geographic, political, linguistic or cultural boundaries. Very few, if any, music scholars would claim that there are any folk music traditions that can be considered specific to a distinct group of people and with characteristics undiluted by contact with the music of other peoples; thus, the folk music traditions described herein overlap in varying degrees with each other.
| Country | Elements | Dance | Instrumentation | Other topics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aanishanabe | See Ojibwa | – | – | – |
| African American [1] | blues - blues-harp - boat song - field holler - fife and drum band - freedom song - funereal music - gospel - lining out - shape-note - Shout - spiritual - work song | blues dance - hambone - juba dance - ring dance - shout | banjo - bones - cowbell - diddley bow - fiddle - harmonica - tambourine - washtub bass | blue note - camp meeting - Election Day celebration - Great Awakening - Pinkster |
| Anglo-American [2] | ballad - folk hymn - protest song - sea shanty - shape note - singing | barn dance - Country-western two-step - longways - jig - reel - square dance | fiddle - flute - guitar - harpsichord - violin | Caller - Shakers |
| Apache [3] | Apache fiddle - pot drum - water drum | |||
| Appalachian [4] | ballad - Blue Ridge fiddling - bluegrass - Child ballad - close harmony - folk hymn - jug band - lining out - North Georgia fiddling - old-time music - scolding ballad - shape note - singing - string band [5] | clogging | autoharp - banjo - cello - cornstalk fiddle - dulcimer - fiddle - flute - guitar - harmonica - mandolin | folk revival - hillbilly |
| Arapaho [6] | Ghost Dance - peyote song | rabbit dance - round dance - snake dance - Sun Dance - turtle dance | Ghost Dance | |
| Blue Ridge | See Appalachian | – | – | – |
| Cajun [7] | polka - two-step - waltz | accordion - fiddle - guitar - spoons - triangle - washboard | ||
| Cape Breton | See Irish- and Scottish-Canadian | – | – | – |
| Cherokee [8] | stomp dance | rattle | ||
| Chickasaw [8] | stomp dance | |||
| Chippewa | See Ojibwa | – | – | – |
| Choctaw [8] | stomp dance | |||
| Cree [9] | fiddle | |||
| Dakota | See Sioux | – | – | – |
| Dinéh | See Navajo | – | – | – |
| English-American | See Anglo-American | – | – | – |
| Finnish-American | See Finnish | – | – | – |
| French-American | See French | – | – | – |
| German- and Moravian-American [10] | collegia musica - cornet band - Moravian funereal music - trombone choir | hautboy - kettle drum - trumpet - viol | Ephrata Cloister - liederkranz - Singstude | |
| Hopi | See Pueblo | – | – | – |
| Illinois [11] | calumet dance | berdache - calumet | ||
| Inuit [12] | ayaya - kattajaq - pisiq - throat-singing | drum dance - jig - kalattuut - reel | accordion - drum | angakkog |
| Irish- and Scottish-Canadian [13] | ballad - Cape Breton fiddling - emigrant ballad - sean nos - shape note | reel - step dance - strathspey | fiddle | ceilidh |
| Irish-American [14] | ballad - emigrant ballad - sean nos | clogging - hornpipe - jig - reel - step dance - square dance | banjo - dulcimer - fiddle - guitar - harmonica - mandolin | |
| Iroquois [15] | Eagle Dance - Quiver Dance - Warrior's Stomp Dance | drum - rattle - water drum | ||
| Italian-American | See Italy | – | – | – |
| Japanese-American | See Japanese | – | – | – |
| Jewish-American [16] | cantorial chant - klezmer | bulgar - doina - freylekh - hora - khosidl - mazurka - nigun - polka - sirba - waltz | cello - clarinet - double bass - flute - tsimbl - violin | badkhn - Freygish - kapelye |
| Lakota | See Sioux | – | – | – |
| Louisiana Creole [17] | la la - mellows - zydeco | bamboula - ring dance | accordion - fiddle - guitar - washboard | Congo Square - fais-do-do |
| Maritime Canada [18] | Cape Breton fiddling - milling song | jig - reel | accordion - fiddle - piano | |
| Menomini [19] | water drum | |||
| Metis [9] | step dance | fiddle | ||
| Mexican, Mejicano, Hispanic and Tejano [20] | alabado - bravata - California mission music - conjunto - copla - corrido - estribillo - huapango arribeño - jarabe - letra - mariachi - Matachines - Mexican son - pirekua - son huasteco - sones abajeños - sones calentanos - sones de arpa grande - sones istmeños - son jaliscense - son jarocho - topada - vallena - zandunga | chotis - jarabe tapatío - jarana - Matachines - mazurka - polka - raspa - redowa - waltz - xtoles - zandunga - zapateado | accordion - angelus bell - bajo sexto - fiddle - harp - huapanguera - jarana - guitarra quinta - guitarrón - mission bell - requinto - vihuela - violin | trovadore - vaquero |
| Moravian-American | See German-American | – | – | – |
| Navajo [21] | gift song - signal song - sway song - Yeibichai | circle dance - Squaw Dance | pot drum - rattle - water drum | Blessingway - Enemyway - Ghostway - hataałii - hózhǫ́ - Nightway - Yeibichai |
| New England [22] | folk hymn - lining out - Old Way of Singing - psalmody - shape note | barn dance | ||
| Newfoundland | ballad - sea shanty - sean nos | hornpipe - jig - reel - step dance - square dance | bodhrán - fiddle - guitar - harmonica - accordion - spoons | |
| Ojibwa [23] | war song | water drum | ||
| Omaha [24] | pipe dance | |||
| Pueblo [25] | Matachines - work song | Matachines | drum - flageolet | Shalako |
| Quebecois [9] | accord de pieds | |||
| San Ildefonso | See Pueblo | – | – | – |
| Santo Domingo | See Pueblo | – | – | – |
| Scottish-Canadian | See Irish- and Scottish-Canadian | – | – | – |
| Sioux [19] | Grass Dance | bell - drum - rattle | ||
| Southern states [26] | ballad - brass band - Delta blues - blues-harp - fife and drum band - folk hymn - jug band - Sacred Harp - shape note - Southern gospel - white spiritual | barn dance - chicken in the breadtray - clogging - fisher's hornpipe - Highland fling - jig - lancer - pigeonwing - polka - quadrille - reel - square dance - waltz | banjo - dulcimer - fiddle - guitar - harmonica - mandolin | singing |
| Taos Pueblo | See Pueblo | – | – | – |
| Tejano | See Mexican | – | – | – |
| Tex-Mex | See Mexican | – | – | – |
| Tohono O'odham [27] | chicken scratch (waila) - conjunto | chotis - mazurka - polka - waila | accordion - bass guitar - drum - fiddle - guitar | piest |
| Ukrainian-American and Canadian | See Ukrainian | – | – | – |
| Western Canada and the United States [28] | cattle call - cowboy song - frontier ballad - holler - waltz - Western swing - work song | square dance | accordion - banjo - fiddle - guitar - harmonica | Caller - Chisholm Trail - cowboy poetry - medicine show |
| Yaqui [29] | Danza del Venado | |||
| Zuni | See Pueblo | – | – | – |
See also
References
- Abel, E. Lawrence (2000). Singing the New Nation: How Music Shaped the Confederacy, 1861 - 1865. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0228-6.
- Borggreen, Jørn (2012). Right to the Helm: Cape Breton Square Dances, third ed. Jyllinge, Denmark: The author.
- Broughton, Simon and Mark Ellingham (eds.) (2000). Rough Guide to World Music (First ed.). London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
- Burk, Cassie, Virginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips (1942). America's Musical Heritage. Laidlaw Brothers.
- Crawford, Richard (2001). America's Musical Life: A History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04810-1.
- Darden, Robert (2004). People Get Ready: A New History of Black Gospel Music. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-1436-2.
- Fussell, Fred C. (2003). Blue Ridge Music Trails: Finding a Place in the Circle. North Carolina Folklife Institute. ISBN 0-8078-5459-X.
- Lankford, Ronald D. Jr. (2005). The Changing Voice Music of Protest USA. New York: Schirmer Trade Books. ISBN 0-8256-7300-3.
- Lornell, Kip (2004). NPR Curious Listener's Guide to American Folk. New York: Berkely Publisher Group. ISBN 0-399-53033-9.
- "Music and Theater". Maryland History and Culture. Archived from the original on May 7, 2005. Retrieved September 12, 2005.
- Ritchie, Fiona (2004). The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Celtic Music. New York: Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 0-399-53071-1.
- Philip V. Bohlman; Bruno Nettl; Charles Capwell; Thomas Turino; Isabel K. F. Wong (1997). Excursions in World Music (Second ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-230632-8.
- Nettl, Bruno (1965). Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
- Sawyers, June Skinner (2000). Celtic Music: A Complete Guide (First ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81007-7.
- Titon, Jeff Todd, David Locke, David P. McAllester, Anne K. Rasmussen, Jonathan P. J. Stock, David B. Reck, John M. Schechter, Timothy Cooley, and R. Anderson Sutton (2008). Jeff Todd Titon (Ed.), ed. Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples (Fifth ed.). New York: Schirmer Books/Cengage. ISBN 0-02-872602-2.
- van der Merwe, Peter (1989). Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-316121-4.
- "International Dance Glossary". World Music Central. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2006.
Notes
- ↑ Darden, pgs. 8, 43 - 45, 48, 57; Broughton, Viv and James Attlee, "Devil Stole the Beat" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 568 - 579; Crawford, pgs. 107, 111 - 112, 409 - 411; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 96 - 97; van de Merwe; Titon, Jeff Todd, "North America/Black America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 106 - 166; Lornell, pgs. 75 - 77, 82 - 83
- ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 202; Crawford, pgs. 70, 71, 157 - 158; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 11, 34; Lankford, pg. 117; Lornell, pgs. 65 - 67; World Music Central
- ↑ Means, Andrew, "Ha-Ya-Ya-, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 593 - 603; McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
- ↑ Fussell, pgs. 3, 6 - 10; Ritchie, pgs. 52, 57; Barraclough, Nick and Kurt Wolff, "High an' Lonesome" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 536 - 551; Crawford, pg. 601; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 101 - 105; Lankford, pg. 38; Lornell, pgs. 15 - 17, 65 - 67, 82 - 83
- ↑ There is some ambiguity in usage regarding some of these terms. Bluegrass, for example, is not generally considered folk music, but is often loosely categorized along with it, and is especially associated with the Appalachian style. The term old-time music is also ambiguous, and can refer to styles of folk music from outside the Appalachian area. The American folk revival was a musical field in the 1950s and 60s that drew on many styles of American folk music, especially Appalachian music; however, the folk revival itself produced much undebateably popular music and little or no true folk music, depending on the precise definition of that term used.
- ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 150
- ↑ Broughton, Simon and Jeff Kaliss, "Music Is the Glue", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 552 - 567; Lornell, pgs. 70 - 71
- 1 2 3 Means, Andrew, "Ha-Ya-Ya-, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 593 - 603
- 1 2 3 Foran, Charles, "No More Solitudes", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 350 - 361
- ↑ Crawford, pgs. 53 - 55; Maryland Music and Theatre; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 30, 44
- ↑ Crawford, pg. 10
- ↑ Foran, Charles and Etienne Bours, "No More Solitudes" and "Sealskin Hits" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 350 - 361 and 143 - 145
- ↑ Sawyers, pgs. 75 - 78, 194 - 198, 228 - 230
- ↑ Sawyers, pgs. 62 - 67; 196 - 199, 208 - 290, 228 - 230
- ↑ Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 161; McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66; McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
- ↑ Broughton, Simon, "Rhythm and Jews" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 581 - 591; Lornell, pgs. 77 - 78
- ↑ Broughton, Simon and Jeff Kaliss, "Music Is the Glue", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 552 - 567; Crawford, pgs. 118 - 119; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pg. 99; Lornell, pgs. 87 - 88
- ↑ Ritchie, pg. 54
- 1 2 McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
- ↑ Manuel, Popular Musics, pgs. 54 - 56; Farquharson, Mary and Ramiro Burr, "Much More Than Mariachi" and "Accordion Enchilada", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 463 - 476 and pgs. 604 - 614; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pgs. 193 - 194; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 48 - 49, 52, 190 - 191; Lornell, pg. 22 - 23, 72 - 73, 78 - 79
- ↑ Means, Andrew, "Ha-Ya-Ya-, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 593 - 603; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pg. 165; McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
- ↑ Crawford, pgs. 24 - 25; World Music Central
- ↑ Crawford, pg. 391; McAllester, David P., "North America/Native America" in Worlds of Music, pgs. 16 - 66
- ↑ Crawford, pg. 400
- ↑ Means, Andrew, "Ha-Ya-Ya-, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 593 - 603; Crawford, pg. 8; Lornell, pg. 22 - 23
- ↑ Crawford, pgs. 162 - 164; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pg. 138; van de Merwe; Sawyers, pgs. 197, 208; Lankford, pgs. 38, 65 - 67, 75, 84 - 85; Abel, pgs. 132 - 134, 172; World Music Central
- ↑ Means, Andrew, "Ha-Ya-Ya-, Weya Ha-Ya-Ya!", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pgs. 593 - 603; Lornell, pgs. 73 - 74
- ↑ Crawford, pg. 430, 433 - 435, 609; Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 107, 187 - 189, 192 - 198; Lornell, pgs. 74 - 75, 85 - 86
- ↑ World Music Central
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