List of Princeton University people (United States Congress, Supreme Court, Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention)

This list of people associated with Princeton University includes graduates who have served in the national government of the United States.

Senate

The United States Senate is the upper house of Congress. Princetonians have a long history of service in the Senate. The Senate of the First Congress included three Princeton alumni (Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut,[1] William Paterson of New Jersey,[2] and John Henry of Maryland[3]), two more who attended Princeton but did not graduate (John Brown of Virginia, later Kentucky, and Benjamin Hawkins of North Carolina), and one Princeton Trustee (Jonathan Elmer of New Jersey). Alexander Leitch wrote in 1978 of the Senate, "Since its establishment in 1789 it has been without a Princetonian only twenty years."[4] This is still the case: Claiborne Pell served 1961–97,[5] Kit Bond served 1987–2011,[6][7] Jeff Merkley has served since 2009, and Ted Cruz has served since 2013. If Cruz completes his current term, he will represent Princeton in the Senate through 2019. Princetonians have represented 26 of the 50 U.S. states in the Senate.

John Brown served in the Senate first from Virginia and then from Kentucky after its admission as a state.[8] He is listed twice for convenience of sorting by state.

Name Affiliation State Service Notes Refs
Armstrong, Jr., JohnJohn Armstrong, Jr. Att New York 1800–02, 1804 Minister to France, 1804-10. Minister to Spain, 1806. Secretary of War, 1813-14. [9]
Bartlett, Dewey F.Dewey F. Bartlett B 1942 Oklahoma 1973–79 Governor, 1967-71. [10]
Baird, Jr., DavidDavid Baird, Jr. B 1903 New Jersey 1929–30 [11]
Barbour, WilliamWilliam Barbour Att New Jersey 1931–37, 1938–43 [12]
Bayard, JamesJames Bayard B 1784 Delaware 1804–13 [13]
Bayard, RichardRichard Bayard B 1814 Delaware 1836-39, 1841–45. Chargé d'affaires to Belgium, 1850–53. [14]
Berrien, John M.John M. Berrien B 1781 Georgia 1825–29, 1841–45, 1845–52 Attorney General, 1829–31. [15]
Bingham III, HiramHiram Bingham III F Connecticut 1924–33 Credited with the discovery of Machu Picchu. [16]
Blair, Francis Preston Jr.Francis Preston Blair, Jr. B 1841 Missouri 1871–73 Major general for the Union during the American Civil War. [17]
Bradley, BillBill Bradley B 1965 New Jersey 1979–97 NBA player, 1967–77. Gold medalist in basketball in the 1964 Summer Olympics. [18]
Brewster, DanielDaniel Brewster Att 1942 Maryland 1963–69. [19][20]
Brown, JohnJohn Brown Att Virginia 1789–92 U.S. Senator from Kentucky, 1792–1805. President pro tempore, 1803, 1804. Listed twice; see above. [8][21]
Brown, JohnJohn Brown Att Kentucky 1792–1805 U.S. Senator from Kentucky, 1789–92. President pro tempore, 1803, 1804. Listed twice; see above. [8][21]
Burr, AaronAaron Burr B 1772 New York 1791–97 Vice President of the United States, 1801-05. [22]
Bond, KitKit Bond B 1960 Missouri 1987–2011 Governor, 1973–77, 1981–85. [6][7]
Burnet, JacobJacob Burnet B 1791 Ohio 1828–31. [23]
Cameron, J. DonaldJ. Donald Cameron B 1852 Pennsylvania 1877–97 Secretary of War, 1876-77. Chairman of the Republican National Committee, 1880. [24]
Campbell, George W.George W. Campbell B 1794 Tennessee 1811–14, 1815–18 Secretary of the Treasury, 1814. Minister to Russia, 1818-21. [25]
Chesnut, Jr., JamesJames Chesnut, Jr. B 1837 South Carolina 1858–60 Confederate brigadier general, 1864. [26]
Colhoun, John E.John E. Colhoun B 1774 South Carolina 1801–02 [27]
Colquitt, AlfredAlfred Colquitt B 1844 Georgia 1883–94 Governor, 1876-80. [28]
Colquitt, WalterWalter Colquitt Att Georgia 1843–48 Congressman, 1839–49 [29]
Cruz, TedTed Cruz B 1992 Texas 2013– Solicitor General of Texas, 2003–08 [30]
Cuthbert, AlfredAlfred Cuthbert B 1803 Georgia 1835–43 [31]
Danforth, JohnJohn Danforth B 1958 Missouri 1976–95 Ambassador to the United Nations, 2004-05. [32]
Dayton, JonathanJonathan Dayton B 1776 New Jersey 1799–1805 U.S. House Speaker, 1795-99. [33]
Dayton, WilliamWilliam Dayton B 1825 New Jersey 1842-1851 Republican Party nominee for Vice President, 1856. Minister to France, 1861-64. [34]
Dickerson, MahlonMahlon Dickerson B 1789 New Jersey 1817–33. Governor, 1815-17. Secretary of the Navy, 1834-38. [35]
Duff, James H.James H. Duff B 1904 Pennsylvania 1951–57 Governor, 1947–51. [36]
Dulles, John FosterJohn Foster Dulles B 1908 New York 1949 Secretary of State, 1953-59. [37]
Edwards, Henry W.Henry W. Edwards B 1797 Connecticut 1823–27 Governor, 1833–34, 1835-38. [3]
Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth B 1766 Connecticut 1789–96 Chief Justice of the United States, 1796–1800. Minister to France, 1799-1800. [1]
Elmer, JonathanJonathan Elmer T 1782–95 New Jersey 1789–91 [38]
Field, Richard StocktonRichard Stockton Field B 1821, F 1847 New Jersey 1862–63 [39]
Forsyth, JohnJohn Forsyth B 1799 Georgia 1818–19, 1829–34 Governor, 1827–29. Secretary of State, 1834–41. [40]
Frelinghuysen, FrederickFrederick Frelinghuysen B 1770 New Jersey 1793–96 [41]
Frelinghuysen, TheodoreTheodore Frelinghuysen B 1804 New Jersey 1829–35 Whig Party candidate for Vice President, 1844. President of Rutgers College, 1850–62. [42]
Frist, BillBill Frist B 1974; T 1974–78, 1991–2001; F 2007–08 Tennessee 1995–2007 Senate Majority Leader, 2003-07. [43][44][45][46]
Gay, EdwardEdward Gay B 1901 Louisiana 1918–21 [4][47]
Giles, William B.William B. Giles B 1781 Virginia 1804–15 Governor, 1827–30. [48]
Gray, GeorgeGeorge Gray B 1859 Delaware 1885–99 [49]
Guffey, Joseph F.Joseph F. Guffey Att 1890–91 Pennsylvania 1935–47 [50][51]
Hager, John S.John S. Hager B 1836 California 1873–75 [52]
Harper, Robert G.Robert G. Harper B 1785 South Carolina 1816 [53]
Hawkins, BenjaminBenjamin Hawkins Att North Carolina 1789–95 [54]
Henry, JohnJohn Henry B 1769 Maryland 1789–97 Governor, 1797–98. [55]
Hodges, KaneasterKaneaster Hodges B 1960 Arkansas 1977–79 [56]
Huger, Daniel E.Daniel E. Huger B 1798 South Carolina 1843–45. [57]
Irby, John L. M.John L. M. Irby Att South Carolina 1891–97 [58]
Iredell, JamesJames Iredell B 1806 North Carolina 1828–31 [59]
Iverson, Sr., AlfredAlfred Iverson, Sr. B 1820 Georgia 1855–61 [60]
Kelly, James K.James K. Kelly B 1839 Oregon 1871–77 [61]
Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy Att 1935 Massachusetts 1953–60 President of the United States, 1961–63. USRep, 1947–53. [62][63]
Lee, BlairBlair Lee I B 1880 Maryland 1914–17 [64]
Livermore, SamuelSamuel Livermore B 1752 New Hampshire 1793–1801 President pro tempore, 1796, 1799. [21][65]
Livingston, EdwardEdward Livingston B 1781 Louisiana 1829–31 Mayor of New York City, 1801-03. Secretary of State, 1831-33. Ambassador to France, 1833-35. [66]
Lunn, George R.George R. Lunn GS New York 1917–19 [67]
Macon, NathanielNathaniel Macon B 1777 North Carolina 1815–28 President pro tem, 1826–27. U.S. Representative from North Carolina, 1791–1815; Speaker, 1801–07. [21][68][69]
Martin, AlexanderAlexander Martin B 1756 North Carolina 1793–99 Acting Governor, 1781-82. Governor, 1782–84, 1789-92. [70]
Mason, JonathanJonathan Mason B 1774 Massachusetts 1800–03 [71]
Merkley, JeffJeff Merkley MPA 1982 Oregon 2009– [72]
Naudain, ArnoldArnold Naudain B 1806 Delaware 1830–36 [73]
Ogden, AaronAaron Ogden B 1773, T 1803–39 New Jersey 1802–03 Governor, 1812. [74]
Paterson, WilliamWilliam Paterson B 1763 New Jersey 1789–90 Governor, 1791–93. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1793–1806. [2]
Pearce, JamesJames Pearce B 1822 Maryland 1843–62 [75]
Pell, ClaiborneClaiborne Pell B 1940 Rhode Island 1961–97 [5]
Pomerene, AtleeAtlee Pomerene B 1884 Ohio 1911–23 [76]
Pratt, ThomasThomas Pratt Att Maryland 1850–57 Governor of Maryland, 1845-48. [77]
Randolph, JohnJohn Randolph Att Virginia 1825–27 Minister to Russia, 1830. Co-founder of the American Colonization Society. [78]
Reed, David A.David A. Reed B 1900 Pennsylvania 1922–35 [79]
Reed, ThomasThomas Reed Att Mississippi 1826–27, 1829 [80]
Rutherfurd, JohnJohn Rutherfurd B 1779 New Jersey 1791–98 [81]
Sarbanes, PaulPaul Sarbanes B 1954, T 2002–06 Maryland 1977–2007 [82][83]
Smith, Howard AlexanderHoward Alexander Smith B 1901, F 1927–30 New Jersey 1944–59 [84]
Southard, SamuelSamuel Southard B 1804 New Jersey 1821–23, 1833–42 Secretary of the Navy, 1823-29. Interim Secretary of the Treasury, 1825. Interim Secretary of War, 1828. Governor, 1832–33. [85]
Stockton, John P.John P. Stockton B 1843 New Jersey 1865–66, 1869–75 U.S. Ambassador to Italy, 1858–61. [86]
Stockton, Robert F.Robert F. Stockton Att New Jersey 1851–53 Officer in the Mexican-American War. [87]
Stockton, RichardRichard Stockton B 1779 New Jersey 1796–99 [88]
Stone, DavidDavid Stone B 1788 North Carolina 1801–07, 1813–14 Governor, 1808–10. [89]
Taylor, JohnJohn Taylor B 1790 South Carolina 1810–16 Governor, 1826–28. [90]
Thomson, John RenshawJohn Renshaw Thomson Att New Jersey 1853–62 [91]
Tichenor, IsaacIsaac Tichenor B 1775 Vermont 1796–97, 1815–21. Governor, 1797–1807, 1808–09. [92]
Troup, GeorgeGeorge Troup B 1797 Georgia 1816–18, 1829–33. Governor, 1823–27. [93]
Van Dyke, NicholasNicholas Van Dyke B 1788 Delaware 1817–26 [94]
Venable, Abraham B.Abraham B. Venable B 1780 Virginia 1803–04 [95]
Walker, John W.John W. Walker B 1806 Alabama 1819–22 Inaugural U.S. Senator. [96]
Wall, James W.James W. Wall B 1838 New Jersey 1863 [97]
Williams, George HowardGeorge Howard Williams B 1894 Missouri 1925–26 [98]

House of Representatives

The House of Representatives is the lower house of Congress. Princetonians have a long history of service in the House. Alexander Leitch noted in 1978 that the House "has not been without a Princeton alumnus in its membership in any year since it first met in 1789."[69] As of 2015, this remains the case.

Princetonians have served 24 of the 50 U.S. states in the House. Two served as nonvoting delegates from Arkansas Territory and Michigan Territory before these territories became states.

Name Affiliation State Service Notes Refs
Alexander, EvanEvan Alexander B 1787 North Carolina 1806–09 [99]
Alger, BruceBruce Alger B 1940 Texas 1955–65 [100]
Alston, WillisWillis Alston Att North Carolina 1825–31 [101]
Andrew, AbramAbram Andrew B 1893, T 1932–36 Massachusetts 1921–26 [102]
Andrews, Arthur GlennArthur Glenn Andrews B 1931 Alabama 1965–67 [103]
Andrews, Walter GreshamWalter Gresham Andrews B 1913, Football coach 1913–15 New York 1931–49 [104]
Archer, JohnJohn Archer B 1760 Maryland 1801–07 [105]
Archer, Stevenson IStevenson Archer I B 1805 Maryland 1811–17, 1819–21 [106]
Archer, Stevenson IIStevenson Archer II B 1848 Maryland 1867–75 [107]
Armstrong, JamesJames Armstrong Att Pennsylvania 1793–95 [108]
Armstrong, WilliamWilliam Armstrong B 1847 Pennsylvania 1869–71 [109]
Bacon, JohnJohn Bacon B 1765 Massachusetts 1801–03 [110]
Bailey, AlexanderAlexander Bailey B 1837 New York 1867–71 [111]
Bailey, Joseph Weldon, Jr.Joseph Bailey B 1915 Texas 1933–35 [112]
Bard, DavidDavid Bard B 1773 Pennsylvania 1795–99, 1803–15 [113]
Bates, James W.James W. Bates B 1807 Arkansas Territory 1819–23 Nonvoting Delegate. [114]
Bayly, ThomasThomas Bayly B 1797 Maryland 1817–23 [115]
Bayly, Thomas M.Thomas M. Bayly B 1794 Virginia 1813–15 [116]
Beatty, JohnJohn Beatty B 1769, T 1787–1802 New Jersey 1793–95 [117]
Benedict, CleveCleve Benedict B 1959 West Virginia 1981–83 [118]
Bergen, ChristopherChristopher Bergen B 1863 New Jersey 1889–93 [119]
Biddle, Charles J.Charles J. Biddle B 1837 Pennsylvania 1861–63 [120]
Biddle, JohnJohn Biddle Att Michigan Territory 1829–31 Nonvoting Delegate. [121]
Boteler, AlexanderAlexander Boteler B 1835 Virginia 1859–61 [122]
Boudinot, EliasElias Boudinot T 1772–1821 New Jersey 1789–95 Director of the U.S. Mint, 1794-1805. [123]
Bowie, Thomas FielderThomas Fielder Bowie Att Maryland 1885–59 [124]
Bowne, ObadiahObadiah Bowne Att 1838–40 New York 1851–53 [125]
Branch, LawrenceLawrence Branch B 1838 North Carolina 1855–61 Brigadier general in the Confederate Army. [126]
Broom, JamesJames Broom B 1794 Delaware 1805–07 [127]
Brown, George HoustonGeorge Houston Brown B 1828 New Jersey 1851–53 [128]
Browne, CharlesCharles Browne B 1896, AM 1900, F New Jersey 1923–35 Mayor of Princeton, 1914-23. [129][130]
Bruyn, AndrewAndrew Bruyn B 1810 New York 1837–38 [131]
Butler, ChesterChester Butler B 1817 Pennsylvania 1847–50 [132]
Bynum, JesseJesse Bynum Att 1818–19 North Carolina 1833–41 [133]
Carmichael, RichardRichard Carmichael B 1828 Maryland 1833–35 [134]
Chambers, GeorgeGeorge Chambers B 1804 Pennsylvania 1833–37 [135]
Chetwood, WilliamWilliam Chetwood B 1792 New Jersey 1836–37 [136]
Clark, James WestJames West Clark B 1797 North Carolina 1815–17 [137]
Clarke, James M.James M. Clarke B 1939 North Carolina 1983–85, 1987–91 [138]
Clawson, IsaiahIsaiah Clawson B 1840 New Jersey 1855–59 [139]
Clymer, HiesterHiester Clymer B 1847 Pennsylvania 1873–81 [140]
Crane, Joseph H.Joseph H. Crane Att Ohio 1829–37 [141]
Condict, LewisLewis Condict T 1827–61 New Jersey 1811–17, 1821–33 [142]
Condit, SilasSilas Condit B 1795 New Jersey 1831–33 [143]
Colston, EdwardEdward Colston B 1806 Virginia 1817–19 [144]
Compton, BarnesBarnes Compton B 1851 Maryland 1885–90, 1891–94 [145]
Cottman, JosephJoseph Cottman Att 1821 Maryland 1851–53 [146]
Cowen, JohnJohn Cowen B 1866 Maryland 1895–97 [147]
Crago, ThomasThomas Crago B 1893 Pennsylvania 1911–13, 1915–21, 1921–23 [148]
Crawford, Thomas HartleyThomas Hartley Crawford B 1804 Pennsylvania 1829–33 [149]
Crump, GeorgeGeorge Crump B 1805 Virginia 1826–27 [150]
Cullen, ElishaElisha Cullen Att Delaware 1855–57 [151]
Cuthbert, John A.John A. Cuthbert B 1805 Georgia 1819–21 [152]
Dayton, JonathanJonathan Dayton B 1776 New Jersey 1791–99 Speaker, 1795–99. U.S. Senator, 1799–1805. [33]
Dewart, WilliamWilliam Dewart B 1839 Pennsylvania 1857–59 [153]
Eager, SamuelSamuel Eager B 1809 New York 1830–31 [154]
Edwards, Henry W.Henry W. Edwards B 1797 Connecticut 1819–23 USSen, 1823–27. Gov, 1833–34, 1835–38. [3]
Elmendorf, LucasLucas Elmendorf B 1782 New York 1797–1803 [155]
Everhart, JamesJames Everhart B 1842 Pennsylvania 1883–87 [156]
Feighan, MichaelMichael Feighan B 1927 Ohio 1943–71 [157]
Findlay, John Van LearJohn Van Lear Findlay B 1858 Maryland 1883–87 [158]
Fisher, HubertHubert Fisher GS 1900–01 Tennessee 1917–31 [159]
Fort, FranklinFranklin Fort B 1901 New Jersey 1925–31 [160]
Fowler, SamuelSamuel Fowler Att New Jersey 1889–93 [161]
Frelinghuysen, PeterPeter Frelinghuysen B 1938 New Jersey 1953–75 [162]
Fuller, Henry M.Henry M. Fuller B 1839 Pennsylvania 1851–53, 1855–57 [163]
Gaines, JosephJoseph Gaines B 1886 West Virginia 1901–11 [164]
Gamble, RalphRalph Gamble B 1909 New York 1937–57 [165]
Garnett, Robert S.Robert S. Garnett Att Virginia 1817–27 [166]
Gaston, WilliamWilliam Gaston B 1796 North Carolina 1813–17 [167]
Geran, ElmerElmer Geran B 1899 New Jersey 1923–25 [168]
Gholson, JamesJames Gholson B 1820 Virginia 1833–35 [169]
Habersham, RichardRichard Habersham B 1810 Georgia 1839–42. [170]
Haight, CharlesCharles Haight B 1857 New Jersey 1867–71 [171]
Halstead, WilliamWilliam Halstead B 1812 New Jersey 1837–39, 1841–43 Elected but not seated, 1839–41. [172]
Hampton, James G.James G. Hampton B 1835 New Jersey 1845–49 [173]
Hanna, John A.John A. Hanna B 1782 Pennsylvania 1797–1805 [174]
Harper, Robert G.Robert G. Harper B 1785 South Carolina 1795–1801 U.S. Senator from Maryland, 1816. [53]
Harris, Henry S.Henry S. Harris B 1870 New Jersey 1881–83 [175]
Haskell, HarryHarry Haskell Att 1940–42 Delaware 1957–59 [176]
Hayward, Jr., WilliamWilliam Hayward, Jr. B 1808 Maryland 1823–25 [177]
Hayworth, NanNan Hayworth B 1981 New York 2011–13 [178]
Hechler, KenKen Hechler F 1947–49 West Virginia 1959–77 [179][180]
Hinshaw, JohnJohn Hinshaw B 1916 California 1939–56 [181]
Holcombe, GeorgeGeorge Holcombe B 1805 New Jersey 1821–28 [182]
Holt, RushRush Holt PPPL assistant director, 1989–97. New Jersey 1999–2015 [183]
Howard, Benjamin C.Benjamin C. Howard B 1809 Maryland 1829–33, 1835–39 [184]
Howell, Charles R.Charles R. Howell Att 1923–24 New Jersey 1949–55 [185]
Howell, Nathaniel W.Nathaniel W. Howell B 1788 New York 1813–15 [186]
Hudnut, William H. IIIWilliam Hudnut B 1954 Indiana 1973–75 Mayor of Indianapolis, 1976-91. [187]
Imlay, JamesJames Imlay B 1786 New Jersey 1797–1801 [188]
Ingersoll, Charles JaredCharles Jared Ingersoll Att Pennsylvania 1813–15, 1841–49 [189][190]
Ingersoll, Joseph ReedJoseph Reed Ingersoll B 1804 Pennsylvania 1835–37, 1841–49 Ambassador to the United Kingdom, 1852–53. [191]
Jackson, James M.James M. Jackson B 1845 West Virginia 1889–90 [192]
Johns, Jr., KenseyKensey Johns, Jr. B 1810 Delaware 1827–31 [193]
Jones, James T.James T. Jones B 1852 Alabama 1877–79, 1883–89 [194]
Jones, SeabornSeaborn Jones Att Georgia 1833–35, 1845–47. [195]
Jones, Thomas LaurensThomas Laurens Jones B 1840 Kentucky 1867–71, 1875–77 [196][197]
Kaufman, David S.David S. Kaufman B 1830 Texas 1846–51 Republic of Texas: House of Representatives, 1839–43; Speaker, 1839-41. Senate, 1843-45. Chargé d'affaires to the United States, 1845. [198][199]
Keim, GeorgeGeorge Keim Att Pennsylvania 1838–43 [200]
Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy Att 1935 Massachusetts 1947–53 President of the United States, 1961–63. USSen, 1953–60. [62][63]
Kirkpatrick, LittletonLittleton Kirkpatrick B 1815 New Jersey 1843–45 [201]
Kirkpatrick, WilliamWilliam Kirkpatrick B 1788 New York 1807–09 [202]
Kittera, JohnJohn Kittera B 1776 Pennsylvania 1791–1801 [203]
Leach, JimJim Leach B 1964, T 2002–06, F 2007–09 Iowa 1977–2007 Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, 2009–2013. [204][205][206]
Lance, LeonardLeonard Lance MPA 1982 New Jersey 2009– [207]
Levine, MelMel Levine MPA 1966 California 1983–93 [208]
Linn, JamesJames Linn B 1769 New Jersey 1799–1801 [209]
Livingston, EdwardEdward Livingston B 1781 Louisiana 1823–29 U.S. Secretary of State, 1831-33. Mayor of New York City, 1801-03. USSen, 1829-31. Ambassador to France, 1833-35. [66]
Livingston, Robert Le RoyRobert Le Roy Livingston B New York 1809–12 [210]
Long, ClarenceClarence Long AM 1935, PhD 1938 Maryland 1963–85 [211]
Macon, NathanielNathaniel Macon B 1777 North Carolina 1791–1815 Speaker, 1801–07. U.S. Senator, 1815–28; President pro tem, 1826-27. [21][68][69]
Magruder, PatrickPatrick Magruder Att Maryland 1805–07 Librarian of Congress, 1807-15. [212]
Marr, AlemAlem Marr B 1807 Pennsylvania 1829–31 [213]
Marshall, JimJim Marshall B 1972 Georgia 2003–11 [214]
Mason, John Thomson Jr.John Thomson Mason, Jr. B 1836 Maryland 1841–43 [215]
Maxwell, George C.George C. Maxwell B 1792 New Jersey 1811–13 [216]
Maxwell, John Patterson BryanJohn Patterson Bryan Maxwell B 1823 New Jersey 1837–39, 1841–43 Elected but not seated, 1839–41. [217]
McClellan, George Brinton Jr.George B. McClellan, Jr. B 1886, F New York 1895–1903 Mayor of New York City, 1903-10. [218]
McCoy, Walter I.Walter I. McCoy B 1881 New Jersey 1911–14 [69][219]
McCullogh, WeltyWelty McCullogh B 1870 Pennsylvania 1887–89 [220]
McKibbin, JosephJoseph McKibbin Att 1840–42 California 1857–59 [221]
McKinney, StewartStewart McKinney Att 1949–51 Connecticut 1971–87 [222]
McKnight, RobertRobert McKnight B 1839 Pennsylvania 1859–63 [223]
Mercer, Charles F.Charles F. Mercer B 1797 Virginia 1817–39 [224]
Milligan, John J.John J. Milligan B 1814 Delaware 1831–39 [225]
Morris, Samuel W.Samuel W. Morris Att Pennsylvania 1837–41 [226]
Nes, HenryHenry Nes B 1824 Pennsylvania 1843–45, 1847–50 [69][227]
Niles, NathanielNathaniel Niles B 1766 Vermont 1791–95 [228]
Nixon, John T.John T. Nixon B 1841 New Jersey 1859–63 [229]
Overton, EdwardEdward Overton B 1856 Pennsylvania 1877–81 [230]
Parker, Richard W.Richard W. Parker B 1867 New Jersey 1895–1911, 1914–19, 1921–23 [231]
Patton, John M.John M. Patton B 1816 Virginia 1830–38 [69][232]
Pearre, GeorgeGeorge Pearre Att Maryland 1899–1911 [233]
Pearson, RichmondRichmond Pearson B 1872 North Carolina 1895–99, 1900–01 U.S. Envoy to Persia, 1902–07. Envoy to Greece and Montenegro, 1907–09. [234][235]
Pennington, WilliamWilliam Pennington B 1813 New Jersey 1859–61 Speaker, 1859-61. Governor, 1837–43. [236]
Phelps, Charles E.Charles E. Phelps B 1852 Maryland 1865–69 [237]
Pierson, IsaacIsaac Pierson B 1789 New Jersey 1827–31 [238]
Pike, OtisOtis Pike B 1946 New York 1961–79 [239]
Pitney, MahlonMahlon Pitney B 1879 New Jersey 1895–99 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 1912–22. [240]
Polis, JaredJared Polis B 1996 Colorado 2009– [241]
Powell, Alfred H.Alfred H. Powell B 1799 Virginia 1825–27 [69][242]
Preyer, L. RichardsonL. Richardson Preyer B 1941 North Carolina 1969–81 [243]
Randolph, JohnJohn Randolph Att Virginia 1799–1813, 1815–17, 1819–25, 1827–29, 1833 U.S. Senator, 1825–27. Minister to Russia, 1830. Co-founder of the American Colonization Society. [78]
Rhea, JohnJohn Rhea B 1780 Tennessee 1803–15, 1817–23 [244]
Richardson, William E.William E. Richardson B 1910 Pennsylvania 1933–37 [245]
Roane, John J.John J. Roane Att Virginia 1831–33 [246]
Robinson, Jr., ThomasThomas Robinson, Jr. B 1823 Delaware 1839–41 [69][247]
Rockwell, Robert F.Robert F. Rockwell B 1909 Colorado 1941–49 [69][248]
Rodney, George B.George B. Rodney B 1820 Delaware 1841–45 [249]
Ross, ThomasThomas Ross B 1823 Pennsylvania 1849–53 [250]
Rucker, TinsleyTinsley Rucker Att Georgia 1917 [251]
Ryan, William FittsWilliam Fitts Ryan B 1947 New York 1961–72 [252]
Sarbanes, JohnJohn Sarbanes B 1984 Maryland 2007– [253]
Scott, JohnJohn Scott B 1805 Missouri 1816–17, 1817–21, 1821–27 Nonvoting Delegate from Missouri Territory before 10 Aug 1821. [254]
Scudder, John A.John A. Scudder B 1775 New Jersey 1810–11 [255]
Sergeant, JohnJohn Sergeant B 1795 Pennsylvania 1815–23, 1827–29, 1837–41. National Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States, 1832. [256][257]
Sewell, TerriTerri Sewell B 1986 Alabama 2011– [258]
Sieminski, AlfredAlfred Sieminski B 1934 New Jersey 1951–59 [259]
Slaughter, RogerRoger Slaughter B 1928 Missouri 1943–47 [260]
Smith, IsaacIsaac Smith B 1755, F 1755–58 New Jersey 1795–97 [261]
Smith, Peter PlymptonPeter Plympton Smith B 1968 Vermont 1989–91 [262]
Smith, William StephensWilliam Stephens Smith B 1774 New York 1813–15 [263]
Stanly, JohnJohn Stanly Att North Carolina 1801–03, 1809–11 [264]
Stoddert, JohnJohn Stoddert B 1810 Maryland 1833–35 [265]
Strang, MichaelMichael Strang B 1956 Colorado 1985–87 [266]
Stratton, John L. N.John L. N. Stratton B 1836 New Jersey 1859–63 [267]
Strawbridge, JamesJames Strawbridge B 1844 Pennsylvania 1873–75 [268]
Swope, John AugustusJohn Augustus Swope B 1847 Pennsylvania 1884–85, 1885–87 [269]
Talcott, CharlesCharles Talcott B 1879 New York 1913–15 [270]
Taylor, Nathaniel G.Nathaniel G. Taylor B 1840 Tennessee 1854–55, 1866–67 [271]
Teese, FrederickFrederick Teese B 1843 New Jersey 1875–77 [272]
Telfair, ThomasThomas Telfair B 1805 Georgia 1813–17 [273]
Toland, GeorgeGeorge Toland B 1816 Pennsylvania 1837–43 [274]
Tredwell, ThomasThomas Tredwell B 1764 New York 1791–95 [275]
Tucker III, WalterWalter Tucker III Att 1974–76 California 1993–95 [276]
Van Rensselaer, JeremiahJeremiah Van Rensselaer B 1758 New York 1789–91 [277]
Van Rensselaer, StephenStephen Van Rensselaer Att New York 1822–29 Founder of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. [278]
Vanmeter, JohnJohn Vanmeter B 1821 Ohio 1843–45 [279]
Venable, Abraham WatkinsAbraham Watkins Venable AM 1819 North Carolina 1847–53 [280]
Watmough, JohnJohn Watmough B 1811 Pennsylvania 1831–35 [69][281]
Watres, Laurence HawleyLaurence Hawley Watres B 1904 Pennsylvania 1923–31 [282]
Wayne, James MooreJames Moore Wayne B 1808 Georgia 1829–35 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 1835–67. [283]
White, AddisonAddison White B 1844 Kentucky 1851–53 [284]
White, HarryHarry White B 1854 Pennsylvania 1877–81 [285]
Whiteley, William G.William G. Whiteley B 1838 Delaware 1857–61 [286]
Wilkin, James W.James W. Wilkin B 1785 New York 1815–19 [287]
Wilkin, Samuel J.Samuel J. Wilkin B 1812 New York 1831–33 [288]
Williams, SewardSeward Williams Att Ohio 1915–17 [289]
Wilson, EphraimEphraim Wilson B 1790 Maryland 1827–31 [290]
Wood, Ira W.Ira W. Wood B 1877 New Jersey 1904–13 [291]
Wood, SilasSilas Wood B 1789 New York 1819–29 [292]
Wooten, DudleyDudley Wooten B 1875 Texas 1901–03 [293]
Wurts, JohnJohn Wurts B 1813 Pennsylvania 1825–27 [294]
Zschau, EdEd Zschau B 1961 California 1983–87 [295]

U.S. Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of the United States is the nation's highest court. Of the 112 justices to have served on the Supreme Court,[296] 12 have been Princetonians. Three current justices are Princeton graduates. Oliver Ellsworth was the second Chief Justice of the United States; all others listed here were or are Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Name Affiliation Service Notes Refs
Alito, SamuelSamuel Alito B 1972 2006– [297]
Daniel, Peter V.Peter V. Daniel Att 1802–03 1842–60 [298]
Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth B 1766 1796–1800 U.S. Senator from Connecticut, 1789–96. Minister to France, 1799–1800. [1]
Harlan, John Marshall IIJohn Marshall Harlan B 1920 1955–71 [299]
Johnson, WilliamWilliam Johnson B 1790 1804–34 [300]
Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan B 1981 2010– Dean of Harvard Law School, 2003–09. Solicitor General of the United States, 2009–10. [301]
Livingston, Henry BrockholstHenry Brockholst Livingston B 1774 1807–23 [302]
Paterson, WilliamWilliam Paterson B 1763 1793–1806 U.S. Senator from New Jersey, 1789–90. Governor of New Jersey, 1791–93. [2]
Pitney, MahlonMahlon Pitney B 1879 1912–22 U.S. Representative from New Jersey, 1895–99. [240]
Sotomayor, SoniaSonia Sotomayor B 1976, T 2007–11 2009– [303][304][305]
Thompson, SmithSmith Thompson B 1788 1823–43 Secretary of the Navy, 1818–23. [306]
Wayne, James MooreJames Moore Wayne B 1808 1835–67 [283]

Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1774 to plan the colonies' response to the punitive Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament earlier that year. When the Congress's appeal to the British government failed, the Second Continental Congress convened, again in Philadelphia. Meeting 1775–81, it issued the Declaration of Independence and was the provisional government of the United States during the Revolutionary War. It reorganized in 1781 following the adoption of the Articles of Confederation, under which it was known formally as the Congress of the Confederation. Between 1781 and 1789, this body met in several locations, including in Nassau Hall on the Princeton campus for about four months in 1783. It disbanded in 1789 following the ratification of the Constitution.[307][308]

Princetonians represented each of the 13 states except Massachusetts in the Continental Congress. Four of them signed the Declaration of Independence; they are indicated by asterisks (*). Among them was John Witherspoon, a delegate from New Jersey and then the President of Princeton. Trained as a Presbyterian minister, Witherspoon was the only clergyman in the Continental Congress and served often as the body's chaplain.[309] His experience on representative bodies in the ministry prepared him to be especially effective and influential in Congress,[310] where he is said to have served on more committees than any other member.[309]

Name Affiliation State Service Notes Refs
Armstrong, Jr., JohnJohn Armstrong, Jr. Att Pennsylvania 1787–88 USSen from New York, 1800–02, 1803–04. Minister to France, 1804-10. Minister to Spain, 1806. Secretary of War, 1813-14. [9]
Beatty, JohnJohn Beatty B 1769, T 1787–1802 New Jersey 1784–85 USRep, 1793–95. [117]
Bedford, GunningGunning Bedford B 1771 Delaware 1783–85 [311]
Boudinot, EliasElias Boudinot T 1772–1821 New Jersey 1778, 1781–83 President of the Continental Congress, 1782–83. Director of the U.S. Mint, 1795–1805. [312]
Burnet, WilliamWilliam Burnet B 1749 New Jersey 1780–81 [313]
Dayton, JonathanJonathan Dayton B 1776 New Jersey 1787–88 USRep, 1791–99; Speaker, 1795–99. USSen, 1799–1805. [33]
Edwards, PierpontPierpont Edwards B 1768 Connecticut 1788 [314]
Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth B 1766 Connecticut 1778–83 USSen, 1789–96. Chief Justice of the United States, 1796–1800. Minister to France, 1799-1800. [1]
Elmer, JonathanJonathan Elmer T 1782–95 New Jersey 1777–78, 1781–83, 1787–88 USSen, 1789–91 [38]
Frelinghuysen, FrederickFrederick Frelinghuysen B 1770 New Jersey 1779 USSen, 1793–96 [41]
Habersham, JohnJohn Habersham Att Georgia 1785 [315]
Habersham, JosephJoseph Habersham Att Georgia 1785 U.S. Postmaster General, 1795–1801. [316]
Hawkins, BenjaminBenjamin Hawkins Att North Carolina 1781–83, 1787 USSen, 1789–91, 1791–95. [54]
Henry, JohnJohn Henry B 1769 Maryland 1778–80, 1785–86 USSen, 1789–97. Gov, 1797–98. [55]
Hewes, JosephJoseph Hewes* Att North Carolina 1774–76 [317]
Houston, WilliamWilliam Houston B 1768, F 1769–83 New Jersey 1775–76, 1779–81, 1784–85 [318][319]
Howell, DavidDavid Howell B 1766 Rhode Island 1782–85 [320]
Hutson, RichardRichard Hutson B 1765 South Carolina 1778–79 [321]
Lee, HenryHenry "Lighthorse Harry" Lee III B 1773, AM 1776 Virginia 1786–88 Gov, 1792–95. Revolutionary War cavalry officer. [322]
Livermore, SamuelSamuel Livermore B 1752 New Hampshire 1780–82, 1785–86 USSen, 1793–1801; President pro tempore, 1796, 1799. [21][65]
Livingston, WalterWalter Livingston B 1759 New York 1784–85 [323]
Madison, JamesJames Madison B 1771, Princeton's first GS Virginia 1780–83, 1787–88 U.S. Secretary of State, 1801–09. President of the United States, 1809–17. "Father of the U.S. Constitution". [324][325]
Manning, JamesJames Manning B 1762 Rhode Island 1786 Founder and first President of Brown University, 1764-91. [326][327]
Montgomery, JosephJoseph Montgomery B 1755 Pennsylvania 1780–82 [328]
Ramsay, DavidDavid Ramsay B 1765 South Carolina 1782–83, 1785–86 President pro tempore, 1785–86. [329]
Ramsey, NathanielNathaniel Ramsey B 1767 Maryland 1776, 1777 [330]
Reed, JosephJoseph Reed B 1757 Pennsylvania 1778 President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, 1778–81. [331]
Reid, James RandolphJames Randolph Reid B 1775 Pennsylvania 1787–89 [332][333]
Root, JesseJesse Root B 1756 Connecticut 1778–82 [334]
Rumsey, BenjaminBenjamin Rumsey Att Maryland 1776–77 [335]
Rush, BenjaminBenjamin Rush* B 1760 Pennsylvania 1776–77 [336]
Scudder, NathanielNathaniel Scudder B 1751, T 1778–81 New Jersey 1778–79 [337]
Sergeant, Jonathan DickinsonJonathan Dickinson Sergeant B 1762 New Jersey 1776, 1776–77 [338]
Shippen, WilliamWilliam Shippen T 1765–96 Pennsylvania 1779–80 One of the founders of Princeton and UPenn. [339]
Smith, Jonathan B.Jonathan B. Smith B 1760, T 1779–1808 Pennsylvania 1777–78 [340]
Stockton, RichardRichard Stockton* B 1748 New Jersey 1776 [341]
Witherspoon, JohnJohn Witherspoon* Pres 1768–94 New Jersey 1776–82 [342]
Wynkoop, HenryHenry Wynkoop B 1760 Pennsylvania 1779–82 [333][343]

Constitutional Convention

The impotence of the national government under the Articles of Confederation prompted the Constitutional Convention, which met in Philadelphia between 25 May and 17 September 1787. This assembly wrote the Constitution of the United States, which came into effect in 1789 after nine states had ratified it.[344]

Princetonians represented six of the 12 states that sent delegations to the convention. (Rhode Island declined to send a delegation.) Ten of the 56 delegates were Princetonians, including four of the five delegates from New Jersey. This compares with five delegates each from the College of William & Mary and Yale College, three each from Harvard College and Columbia College, two from the University of Pennsylvania, and one each from the University of Oxford and the University of Glasgow.[345]

James Madison was the first delegate to arrive at the convention and was so influential there that he came to be known as the "Father of the Constitution". He also argued for the Constitution's ratification in The Federalist Papers', written together with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. As a Representative in the 1st United States Congress, he introduced the Bill of Rights, which became the first ten Amendments to the Constitution.[344][346]

William Paterson and Oliver Ellsworth were also influential at the convention. In response to Madison's Virginia Plan, under which states would be represented in Congress in proportion to their population and taxes paid, Paterson authored the New Jersey Plan, which called for equal representation for each state. Together with his Connecticut colleague Roger Sherman, Ellsworth crafted the Connecticut Compromise, also called the Great Compromise, which blended the two plans. This plan, which specified a bicameral legislature with one house apportioned by population and the other in which the states would be represented equally, became the basis for the House of Representatives and Senate in the final Constitution.[344]

Signers of the Constitution are indicated with asterisks (*).

Name Affiliation State Notes Refs
Bedford, GunningGunning Bedford* B 1771 Delaware [311]
Brearley, DavidDavid Brearley* Att New Jersey [347]
Davie, William RichardsonWilliam Richardson Davie B 1776 North Carolina Gov, 1798–99. [348]
Dayton, JonathanJonathan Dayton* B 1776 New Jersey USRep, 1791–99; Speaker, 1795–99. USSen, 1799–1805. [349]
Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth B 1766 Connecticut USSen, 1789–96. Chief Justice of the United States, 1796–1800. Minister to France, 1799-1800. [1]
Houston, WilliamWilliam Houston B 1768, F 1769–83 New Jersey [318][319]
Madison, JamesJames Madison* B 1771, Princeton's first GS Virginia Secretary of State, 1801–09. President of the United States, 1809–17. [324][325]
Martin, AlexanderAlexander Martin B 1756 North Carolina Acting Gov, 1781-82. Gov, 1782–84, 1789-92. USSen, 1793–99. [70][350]
Martin, LutherLuther Martin B 1766 Maryland [351]
Paterson, WilliamWilliam Paterson* B 1763 New Jersey USSen, 1789–90. Gov, 1791–93. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 1793–1806. [2]

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 United States Congress. "William Paterson (id: P000102)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 United States Congress. "Henry Waggaman Edwards (id: E000070)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  4. 1 2 Leitch, Alexander (1978). "A Princeton Companion: Senate of the United States". Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  5. 1 2 United States Congress. "Clairborne de Borda Pell (id: P000193)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 30 Aug 2011.
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  9. 1 2 United States Congress. "John Armstrong, Jr. (id: A000282)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  10. ↑ United States Congress. "Dewey Follet Bartlett (id: B000200)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
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  12. ↑ United States Congress. "William Warren Barbour (id: B000132)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  13. ↑ United States Congress. "James Asheton Bayard, Sr. (id: B000249)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  14. ↑ United States Congress. "Richard Henry Bayard (id: B000251)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  15. ↑ United States Congress. "John Macpherson Berrien (id: B000413)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  16. ↑ United States Congress. "Hiram Bingham (id: B000470)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  17. ↑ United States Congress. "Francis Preston Blair, Jr. (id: B000523)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  18. ↑ United States Congress. "William Warren (Bill) Bradley (id: B001225)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 30 Aug 2011.
  19. ↑ United States Congress. "Daniel Baugh Brewster (id: B000813)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 15 Sep 2011.
  20. ↑ Associated Press (27 Aug 2007). "Daniel B. Brewster, 83, former Senator, dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 Sep 2011.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 United States Senate. "President Pro Tempore". Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
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  23. ↑ United States Congress. "Jacob Burnet (id: B001117)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  24. ↑ United States Congress. "James Donald Cameron (id: C000065)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  25. ↑ United States Congress. "George Washington Campbell (id: C000083)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  26. ↑ United States Congress. "James Chesnut, Jr. (id: C000348)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  27. ↑ United States Congress. "John Ewing Colhoun (id: C000627)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  28. ↑ United States Congress. "Alfred Holt Colquitt (id: C000647)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  29. ↑ United States Congress. "Walter Terry Colquitt (id: C000648)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Feb 2015.
  30. ↑ United States Congress. "Rafael Edward Cruz (id: C001098)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Feb 2015.
  31. ↑ United States Congress. "Alfred Cuthbert (id: C001023)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 15 Sep 2011.
  32. ↑ United States Congress. "John Claggett Danforth (id: D000030)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 30 Aug 2011.
  33. 1 2 3 United States Congress. "Jonathan Dayton (id: D000164)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 30 Aug 2011.
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  35. ↑ United States Congress. "Mahlon Dickerson (id: D000308)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  36. ↑ United States Congress. "James Henderson Duff (id: D000516)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
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  38. 1 2 United States Congress. "Jonathan Elmer (id: E000155)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 15 Sep 2011.
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  40. ↑ United States Congress. "John Forsyth (id: F000284)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  41. 1 2 United States Congress. "Frederick Frelinghuysen (general) (id: F000368)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
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  48. ↑ United States Congress. "William Branch Giles (id: G000183)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 15 Sep 2011.
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  51. ↑ Halt, Charles Eugene (1965). Joseph F. Guffy, New Deal Politician from Pennsylvania (Doctor of Social Science thesis). Syracuse University. pp. 3–4.
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  53. 1 2 United States Congress. "Robert Goodloe Harper (id: H000225)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  54. 1 2 United States Congress. "Benjamin Hawkins (id: H000368)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  55. 1 2 United States Congress. "John Henry (id: H000508)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  56. ↑ United States Congress. "Kaneaster Hodges, Jr. (id: H000675)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  57. ↑ United States Congress. "Daniel Elliott Huger (id: H000917)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  58. ↑ United States Congress. "John Laurens Manning Irby (id: I000027)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  59. ↑ United States Congress. "James Iredell (id: I000028)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  60. ↑ United States Congress. "Alfred Iverson, Sr. (id: I000049)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 15 Sep 2011.
  61. ↑ United States Congress. "James Kerr Kelly (id: K000074)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  62. 1 2 United States Congress. "John Fitzgerald Kennedy (id: K000107)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Nov 2011.
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  65. 1 2 United States Congress. "Samuel Livermore (id: L000364)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  66. 1 2 United States Congress. "Edward Livingston (id: L000366)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 30 Aug 2011.
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  68. 1 2 United States Congress. "Nathaniel Macon (id: M000034)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
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  70. 1 2 United States Congress. "Alexander Martin (id: M000166)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
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  78. 1 2 United States Congress. "John Randolph (id: R000047)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
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  80. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Buck Reed (id: R000129)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  81. ↑ United States Congress. "John Rutherfurd (id: R000550)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  82. ↑ United States Congress. "Paul Spyros Sarbanes (id: S000064)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 30 Aug 2011.
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  84. ↑ United States Congress. "Howard Alexander Smith (id: S000553)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 30 Aug 2011.
  85. ↑ United States Congress. "Samuel Lewis Southard (id: S000689)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  86. ↑ United States Congress. "John Potter Stockton (id: S000939)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  87. ↑ United States Congress. "Richard Field Stockton (id: S000942)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  88. ↑ United States Congress. "Richard Stockton (id: S000941)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
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  92. ↑ United States Congress. "Isaac Tichenor (id: T000264)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
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  109. ↑ United States Congress. "William Hepburn Armstrong (id: A000285)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  110. ↑ United States Congress. "John Bacon (id: B000017)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  111. ↑ United States Congress. "Alexander Hamilton Bailey (id: B000034)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  112. ↑ United States Congress. "Joseph Weldon Bailey, Jr. (id: B000045)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  113. ↑ United States Congress. "David Bard (id: B000137)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  114. ↑ United States Congress. "James Woodson Bates (id: B000235)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  115. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Bayly (id: B000258)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  116. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Monteagle Bayly (id: B000260)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  117. 1 2 United States Congress. "John Beatty (id: B000282)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  118. ↑ United States Congress. "Cleveland Keith Benedict (id: B000358)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  119. ↑ United States Congress. "Christopher Augustus Bergen (id: B000404)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  120. ↑ United States Congress. "Charles John Biddle (id: B000439)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  121. ↑ United States Congress. "John Biddle (Michigan) (id: B000441)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  122. ↑ United States Congress. "Alexander Robinson Boteler (id: B000653)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  123. ↑ United States Congress. "Elias Boudinot (id: B000661)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  124. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Fielder Bowie (id: B000696)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  125. ↑ United States Congress. "Obadiah Bowne (id: B000707)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  126. ↑ United States Congress. "Lawrence O'Bryan Branch (id: B000764)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  127. ↑ United States Congress. "James Madison Broom (id: B000888)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  128. ↑ United States Congress. "George Houston Brown (id: B000920)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  129. ↑ United States Congress. "Charles Browne (id: B000954)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  130. ↑ Myers, William Starr (2000). "Charles Browne, M. D.". Prominent Families of New Jersey. 1. Genealogical Publishing. p. 133.
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  132. ↑ United States Congress. "Chester Pierce Butler (id: B001175)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  133. ↑ United States Congress. "Jesse Atherton Bynum (id: B001204)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  134. ↑ United States Congress. "Richard Bennett Carmichael (id: C000160)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  135. ↑ United States Congress. "George Chambers (id: C000283)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  136. ↑ United States Congress. "William Chetwood (id: C000349)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  137. ↑ United States Congress. "James West Clark (id: C000438)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  138. ↑ United States Congress. "James McClure Clarke (id: C000462)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  139. ↑ United States Congress. "Isaiah Dunn Clawson (id: C000477)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  140. ↑ United States Congress. "Hiester Clymer (id: C000539)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  141. ↑ United States Congress. "Joseph Halsey Crane (id: C000872)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  142. ↑ United States Congress. "Lewis Condict (id: C000668)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  143. ↑ United States Congress. "Silas Condit (id: C000672)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  144. ↑ United States Congress. "Edward Colston (id: C000650)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  145. ↑ United States Congress. "Barnes Compton (id: C000660)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  146. ↑ United States Congress. "Joseph Stewart Cottman (id: C000800)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  147. ↑ United States Congress. "John Kissig Cowen (id: C000822)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  148. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Spencer Crago (id: C000853)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  149. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Hartley Crawford (id: C000893)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  150. ↑ United States Congress. "George William Crump (id: C000956)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 15 Sep 2011.
  151. ↑ United States Congress. "Elisha Dickerson Cullen (id: C000969)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  152. ↑ United States Congress. "John Alfred Cuthbert (id: C001024)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 15 Sep 2011.
  153. ↑ United States Congress. "William Lewis Dewart (id: D000290)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  154. ↑ United States Congress. "Samuel Watkins Eager (id: E000002)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  155. ↑ United States Congress. "Lucas Conrad Elmendorf (id: E000153)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  156. ↑ United States Congress. "James Bowen Everhart (id: E000270)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  157. ↑ United States Congress. "Michael Aloysius Feighan (id: F000060)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  158. ↑ United States Congress. "John Van Lear Findlay (id: F000121)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  159. ↑ United States Congress. "Hubert Frederick Fisher (id: F000149)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  160. ↑ United States Congress. "Franklin William Fort (id: F000287)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  161. ↑ United States Congress. "Samuel Fowler (id: F000326)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  162. ↑ United States Congress. "Peter Hood Ballantine Frelinghuysen, Jr. (id: F000371)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  163. ↑ United States Congress. "Henry Mills Fuller (id: F000410)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  164. ↑ United States Congress. "Joseph Holt Gaines (id: G000008)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  165. ↑ United States Congress. "Ralph Abernethy Gamble (id: G000031)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  166. ↑ United States Congress. "Robert Selden Garnett (id: G000077)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  167. ↑ United States Congress. "William Gaston (id: G000096)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  168. ↑ United States Congress. "Elmer Hendrickson Geran (id: G000133)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  169. ↑ United States Congress. "James Herbert Gholson (id: G000148)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  170. ↑ United States Congress. "Richard Wylly Habersham (id: H000003)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  171. ↑ United States Congress. "Charles Haight (id: H000020)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  172. ↑ United States Congress. "William Halstead (id: H000092)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  173. ↑ United States Congress. "James Giles Hampton (id: H000138)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  174. ↑ United States Congress. "John Andre Hanna (id: H000161)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  175. ↑ United States Congress. "Henry Schenck Harris (id: H000240)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  176. ↑ United States Congress. "Harry Garner Haskell, Jr. (id: H000318)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  177. ↑ United States Congress. "William Hayward, Jr. (id: H000410)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  178. ↑ United States Congress. "Nan Hayworth (id: H001054)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  179. ↑ United States Congress. "Kenneth William Hechler (id: H000438)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 15 Sep 2011.
  180. ↑ Stennis Center for Public Service Leadership. "Ken Hechler". Retrieved 15 Sep 2011.
  181. ↑ United States Congress. "John Carl Williams Hinshaw (id: H000640)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  182. ↑ United States Congress. "George Holcombe (id: H000711)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  183. ↑ United States Congress. "Rush D. Holt, Jr. (id: H001032)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  184. ↑ United States Congress. "Benjamin Chew Howard (id: H000835)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  185. ↑ United States Congress. "Charles Robert Howell (id: H000858)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  186. ↑ United States Congress. "Nathaniel Woodhull Howell (id: H000867)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  187. ↑ United States Congress. "William Herbert Hudnut III (id: H000906)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  188. ↑ United States Congress. "James Henderson Imlay (id: I000011)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  189. ↑ United States Congress. "Charles Jared Ingersoll (id: I000015)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  190. ↑ Princeton University Library. "Ingersoll Family Collection". Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  191. ↑ United States Congress. "Joseph Reed Ingersoll (id: I000019)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  192. ↑ United States Congress. "James Monroe Jackson (id: J000018)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  193. ↑ United States Congress. "Kensey Johns, Jr. (id: J000112)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  194. ↑ United States Congress. "James Taylor Jones (id: J000223)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  195. ↑ United States Congress. "Seaborn Jones (id: J000252)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  196. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Laurens Jones (id: J000253)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  197. ↑ Warren, Charles. "Harvard Law School Alumni Roll". History of the Harvard Law School and of Early Legal Conditions in America. 3. p. 28.
  198. ↑ Ornish, Natalie. "Kaufman, David Spangler". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  199. ↑ United States Congress. "David Spangler Kaufman (id: K000021)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  200. ↑ United States Congress. "George May Keim (id: K000050)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  201. ↑ United States Congress. "Littleton Kirkpatrick (id: K000236)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  202. ↑ United States Congress. "William Kirkpatrick (New York politician) (id: K000239)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  203. ↑ United States Congress. "John Wilkes Kittera (id: K000253)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  204. ↑ United States Congress. "James Albert Smith Leach (id: L000169)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  205. ↑ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Jim Leach, Chairman". Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  206. ↑ "Former Congressman Leach joins Wilson School faculty". Princeton University. 24 Jan 2007. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  207. ↑ United States Congress. "Leonard Lance (id: L000567)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  208. ↑ United States Congress. "Meldon Edises Levine (id: L000264)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  209. ↑ United States Congress. "James Linn (id: L000336)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  210. ↑ United States Congress. "Robert Le Roy Livingston (id: L000370)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  211. ↑ United States Congress. "Clarence Long (id: L000413)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  212. ↑ United States Congress. "Patrick Magruder (id: M000057)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  213. ↑ United States Congress. "Alem Marr (id: M000141)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  214. ↑ United States Congress. "Jim Marshall (id: M001146)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  215. ↑ United States Congress. "John Thomson Mason (id: M000219)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  216. ↑ United States Congress. "George Clifford Maxwell (id: M000267)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  217. ↑ United States Congress. "John Patterson Bryan Maxwell (id: M000268)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  218. ↑ United States Congress. "George Brinton McClellan (id: M000331)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  219. ↑ United States Congress. "Walter Irving McCoy (id: M000376)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  220. ↑ United States Congress. "Welty McCullogh (id: M000394)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  221. ↑ United States Congress. "Joseph Chambers McKibbin (id: M000514)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  222. ↑ United States Congress. "Stewart Brett McKinney (id: M000527)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  223. ↑ United States Congress. "Robert McKnight (id: M000531)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  224. ↑ United States Congress. "Charles Fenton Mercer (id: M000642)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  225. ↑ United States Congress. "John Jones Milligan (id: M000767)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  226. ↑ United States Congress. "Samuel Morris Wells (id: M000987)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  227. ↑ United States Congress. "Henry Nes (id: N000047)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  228. ↑ United States Congress. "Nathaniel Niles (id: N000109)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  229. ↑ United States Congress. "John Thompson Nixon (id: N000115)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  230. ↑ United States Congress. "Edward Overton, Jr. (id: O000145)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  231. ↑ United States Congress. "Richard Wayne Parker (id: P000070)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  232. ↑ United States Congress. "John Mercer Patton (id: P000140)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  233. ↑ United States Congress. "George Alexander Pearre (id: P000163)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  234. ↑ United States Congress. "Richmond Pearson (id: P000169)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  235. ↑ U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. "Richmond Pearson (1852-1923)". Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  236. ↑ United States Congress. "William Pennington (id: P000214)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  237. ↑ United States Congress. "Charles Edward Phelps (id: P000292)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  238. ↑ United States Congress. "Isaac Pierson (id: P000341)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  239. ↑ United States Congress. "Otis Grey Pike (id: P000348)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  240. 1 2 United States Congress. "Mahlon Pitney (id: P000370)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  241. ↑ United States Congress. "Jared Polis (id: P000598)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  242. ↑ United States Congress. "Alfred H. Powell, Jr. (id: P000478)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  243. ↑ United States Congress. "Lunsford Richardson Preyer (id: P000520)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  244. ↑ United States Congress. "John Rhea (id: R000181)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  245. ↑ United States Congress. "William Emanuel Richardson (id: R000230)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  246. ↑ United States Congress. "John Jones Roane (id: R000292)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  247. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Robinson, Jr. (id: R000353)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  248. ↑ United States Congress. "Robert Fay Rockwell (id: R000369)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  249. ↑ United States Congress. "George Brydges Rodney (id: R000379)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  250. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Ross (id: R000455)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  251. ↑ United States Congress. "Tinsley White Rucker (id: R000493)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  252. ↑ United States Congress. "William Fitts Ryan (id: R000562)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  253. ↑ United States Congress. "John Sarbanes (id: S001168)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  254. ↑ United States Congress. "John Scott (id: S000176)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  255. ↑ United States Congress. "John Anderson Scudder (id: S000200)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  256. ↑ United States Congress. "John Sergeant (id: S000246)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  257. ↑ The American Presidency Project. "1832 Presidential Election". University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  258. ↑ United States Congress. "Terri Sewell (id: S001185)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  259. ↑ United States Congress. "Alfred Dennis Sieminski (id: S000405)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  260. ↑ United States Congress. "Roger Caldwell Slaughter (id: S000481)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 3 Sep 2011.
  261. ↑ United States Congress. "Isaac Smith (id: S000555)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  262. ↑ United States Congress. "Peter P. Smith (id: S000601)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  263. ↑ United States Congress. "William Stephens Smith (id: S000638)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  264. ↑ United States Congress. "John Stanly (id: S000800)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  265. ↑ United States Congress. "John Truman Stoddert (id: S000944)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  266. ↑ United States Congress. "Michael Lathrop Strang (id: S000991)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  267. ↑ United States Congress. "John Leake Newbold Stratton (id: S000995)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  268. ↑ United States Congress. "James Dale Strawbridge (id: S001001)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  269. ↑ United States Congress. "John Augustus Swope (id: S001128)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  270. ↑ United States Congress. "Charles Andrew Talcott (id: T000023)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  271. ↑ United States Congress. "Nathaniel Green Taylor (id: T000095)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  272. ↑ United States Congress. "Frederick Halstead Teese (id: T000111)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  273. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Telfair (id: T000115)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  274. ↑ United States Congress. "George Washington Toland (id: T000296)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  275. ↑ United States Congress. "Thomas Tredwell (id: T000361)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  276. ↑ United States Congress. "Walter R. Tucker III (id: T000405)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 14 Sep 2011.
  277. ↑ United States Congress. "Jeremiah Van Rensselaer (id: V000053)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  278. ↑ United States Congress. "Stephen van Rensselaer III (id: V000056)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.
  279. ↑ United States Congress. "John Inskeep Vanmeter (id: V000048)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  280. ↑ United States Congress. "Abraham Watkins Venable (id: V000084)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  281. ↑ United States Congress. "John Goddard Watmough (id: W000195)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  282. ↑ United States Congress. "Laurence Hawley Watres (id: W000196)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  283. 1 2 United States Congress. "James Moore Wayne (id: W000218)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  284. ↑ United States Congress. "Addison White (id: W000350)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  285. ↑ United States Congress. "Harry White (id: W000373)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  286. ↑ United States Congress. "William Gustavus Whiteley (id: W000409)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  287. ↑ United States Congress. "James Whitney Wilkin (id: W000472)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  288. ↑ United States Congress. "Samuel Jones Wilkin (id: W000473)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  289. ↑ United States Congress. "Seward Henry Williams (id: W000535)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  290. ↑ United States Congress. "Ephraim King Wilson (id: W000576)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  291. ↑ United States Congress. "Ira Wells Wood (id: W000695)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  292. ↑ United States Congress. "Silas Wood (id: W000703)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  293. ↑ United States Congress. "Dudley Goodall Wooten (id: W000740)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 Sep 2011.
  294. ↑ United States Congress. "John Wurts (id: W000774)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 7 Sep 2011.
  295. ↑ United States Congress. "Edwin Van Wyck Zschau (id: Z000014)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2 Sep 2011.
  296. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  297. ↑ Federal Judicial Center. "Alito, Samuel A., Jr.". Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  298. ↑ Supreme Court Historical Society. "Peter V. Daniel, 1842-1860". Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  299. ↑ Federal Judicial Center. "Harlan, John Marshall". Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  300. ↑ Federal Judicial Center. "Johnson, William Jr.". Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  301. ↑ Federal Judicial Center. "Kagan, Elena". Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  302. ↑ Federal Judicial Center. "Livingston, Henry Brockholst". Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  303. ↑ Federal Judicial Center. "Sotomayor, Sonia". Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  304. ↑ Stevens, Ruth (6 Aug 2009). "Princeton alumna, trustee confirmed as Supreme Court's first Latina justice". Princeton University. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  305. ↑ Quiñones, Eric (9 Jun 2011). "Eight new trustees named, Hall to chair executive committee". Princeton University. Retrieved 4 Sep 2011. Completing their terms as trustees on June 30 are... Sonia Sotomayor....
  306. ↑ Federal Judicial Center. "Thompson, Smith". Retrieved 4 Sep 2011.
  307. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Continental Congress (American history)". Retrieved 3 Dec 2011.
  308. ↑ Office of the Historian. "Buildings of the Department of State: Nassau Hall, Princeton, N.J.". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 3 Dec 2011.
  309. 1 2 Woods, David Walker (1906). John Witherspoon. F. H. Revell Company.
  310. ↑ Tyler, Moses Coit (Jul 1896). "President Witherspoon in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 1 (4): 671–80. doi:10.2307/1833754. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  311. 1 2 United States Congress. "Gunning Bedford, Jr. (id: B000300)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  312. ↑ United States Congress. "Elias Boudinot (id: B00061)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  313. ↑ United States Congress. "William Burnet (id: B001118)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  314. ↑ United States Congress. "Pierpont Edwards (id: E000079)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  315. ↑ United States Congress. "John Habersham (id: H000001)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  316. ↑ United States Congress. "Joseph Habersham (id: H000002)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  317. ↑ United States Congress. "Joseph Hewes (id: H000551)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  318. 1 2 United States Congress. "William Churchill Houston (id: H000830)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  319. 1 2 Maclean, John (1877). History of the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, Volume 1. J. B. Lippincott & Co. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  320. ↑ United States Congress. "David Howell (id: H000859)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  321. ↑ United States Congress. "Richard Hutson (id: H001017)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  322. ↑ Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. (1915). "Henry (Light-Horse Harry) Lee". Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography. 2. pp. 19–21. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  323. ↑ United States Congress. "Walter Livingston (id: L000373)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  324. 1 2 United States Congress. "James Madison, Jr. (id: M000043)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  325. 1 2 Will, George (23 Jan 2008). "#1: James Madison 1771". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved 19 Aug 2011.
  326. ↑ United States Congress. "James Manning (id: M000108)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  327. ↑ Brown University. "James Manning". Retrieved 17 Oct 2011.
  328. ↑ United States Congress. "Joseph Montgomery (id: M000869)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  329. ↑ United States Congress. "David Ramsay (id: R000023)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  330. ↑ United States Congress. "Nathaniel Ramsey (id: R000024)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  331. ↑ United States Congress. "Joseph Reed (id: R000123)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  332. ↑ United States Congress. "James Randolph Reid (id: R000147)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  333. 1 2 Leitch, Alexander (1978). "A Princeton Companion: Continental Congress, The". Princeton University Press. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  334. ↑ United States Congress. "Jesse Root (id: R000432)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  335. ↑ United States Congress. "Benjamin Rumsey (id: R000505)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  336. ↑ United States Congress. "Benjamin Rush (id: R000514)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  337. ↑ United States Congress. "Nathaniel Scudder (id: S0000201)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  338. ↑ United States Congress. "Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant (id: S000247)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  339. ↑ United States Congress. "William Shippen (id: S000368)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  340. ↑ United States Congress. "Jonathan Bayard Smith (id: S000578)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  341. ↑ United States Congress. "Richard Stockton (id: S000940)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  342. ↑ United States Congress. "John Witherspoon (id: W000660)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  343. ↑ United States Congress. "Henry Wynkoop (id: W000783)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  344. 1 2 3 Bruns, Roger A. "A more perfect union: the creation of the U.S. Constitution". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 3 Dec 2011.
  345. ↑ Leitch, Alexander (1978). "A Princeton Companion: Constitutional Convention of 1787, The". Princeton University Press. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  346. ↑ "James Madison, Virginia". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 3 Dec 2011.
  347. ↑ "David Brearly, New Jersey". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  348. ↑ "William Richardson Davie, North Carolina". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 20 Oct 2013.
  349. ↑ "Jonathan Dayton, New Jersey". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  350. ↑ "Alexander Martin, North Carolina". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
  351. ↑ "Luther Martin, Maryland". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 18 Nov 2011.
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