List of female scientists in the 20th century

Marie Curie (1867–1934), two time Nobel Laureate

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period when women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list deals only with the 20th century. Some women who primarily worked in the 19th or 21st centuries may appear in a different list.

Anthropology

Margaret Mead

• Katharine Bartlett (1907–2001), American physical anthropologist, museum curator
• Ruth Benedict (1887–1948), American anthropologist
• Dina Dahbany-Miraglia (born 1938), American Yemini linguistic anthropologist, educator
• Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) American folklorist and anthropologist
• Marjorie F. Lambert (1908-2006) American archeologist and anthropologist who studied Southwestern Puebloan peoples
• Dorothea Leighton (1908–1989), American social psychiatrist, founded the field of medical anthropology
• Katharine Luomala (1907–1992), American anthropologist
• Margaret Mead (1901-1978), American anthropologist
• Grete Mostny (1914–1991), Austrian-born Chilean anthropologist and archaeologist
• Miriam Tildesley (1883–1979), British anthropologist
• Mildred Trotter (1899-1991), American forensic anthropologist
• Camilla Wedgwood (1901-1955), British/Australian anthropologist
• Alba Zaluar (born 1942), Brazilian anthropologist specializing in urban anthropology

Archaeology

• Sonia Alconini (1965-), Bolivian archaeologist of the Formative Period of the Lake Titicaca basin
• Jole Bovio Marconi (1897–1986), Italian archaeologist and prehistorian
• Hester A. Davis, (1930-2014), American archaeologist who was instrumental in establishing public policy and ethical standards
• Perla Fuscaldo (born 1941), Argentine egyptologist
• Marija Gimbutas (1921-1994), Lithuanian archaeologist (Kurgan hypothesis)
• Rosemary Joyce (1956), American archaeologist who uncovered chocolate's archaeological record and studies Honduran pre-history
• Elisabeth Ruttkay, (1926-2009), Austrian Neolithic and Bronze Age specialist
• Hanna Rydh (1891-1964), Swedish archaeologist and prehistorian

Astronomy

• Claudia Alexander (1964-), American planetary scientist
• Mary Adela Blagg (1858–1944), British astronomer
• Margaret Burbidge (1919–), British astrophysicist
• Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1943–), Northern Irish-British astrophysicist
• Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer
• Janine Connes, French astronomer^[1]
• A. Grace Cook (1887-1958), British astronomer
• Heather Couper (1949–), British astronomer (astronomy popularisation, science education)
• Joy Crisp, American planetary scientist
• Sandra Faber (1944–), American astronomer^[2]
• Pamela Gay (1973-), American astronomer
• Vera Fedorovna Gaze (1899-1954) Russian astronomer (planet 2388 Gase an Gaze Crater on Venus are named for her)
• Julie Vinter Hansen (1890-1960), Danish astronomer
• Martha Haynes (1951-), American astronomer
• Lisa Kaltenegger - Austrian/American astronomer
• Dorothea Klumpke (1861–1942), American-born astronomer
• Henrietta Leavitt, (1868–1921), American astronomer (periodicity of variable stars)
• Evelyn Leland (c.1870–c.1930), American astronomer working at the Harvard College Observatory
• Priyamvada Natarajan, Indian/American astrophysicist
• Carolyn Porco (1953–), American planetary scientist
• Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1978), British-American astronomer
• Ruby Payne-Scott (1912–1981), Australian radio astronomer
• Vera Rubin (1928–), American astronomer^[3]
• Charlotte Moore Sitterly (1898–1990), American astronomer
• Jill Tarter (1944–), American astronomer
• Beatrice Tinsley (1941–1981), New Zealand astronomer and cosmologist
• Maria Zuber (1958-), American planetary scientist

Biology

Barbara McClintock

• Nora Lilian Alcock (1874–1972), British plant pathologist
• Alice Alldredge, (1949-) American oceanographer and researcher of marine snow, discover of Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) and demersal zooplankton
• June Almeida (1930–2007), British virologist
• E. K. Janaki Ammal (1897–1984), Indian botanist
• Yvonne Barr (1932–), British virologist (co-discovery of Epstein-Barr virus)
• Lela Viola Barton (1901–1967), American botanist
• Kathleen Basford (1916–1998), British botanist
• Gillian Bates, British geneticist (Huntington's disease)
• Val Beral (1946–), British–Australian epidemiologist
• Grace Berlin (1897–1982), American ecologist, ornithologist and historian
• Agathe L. van Beverwijk (1907–1963), Dutch mycologist
• Gladys Black (1909–1998), American ornithologist
• Idelisa Bonnelly (1931-), Dominican Republic marine biologist
• Alice Middleton Boring (1883–1955), American biologist
• Annette Frances Braun (1911–1968), American entomologist, expert on microlepidoptera
• Linda B. Buck (1947–), American neuroscientist (Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004 for olfactory receptors)
• Hildred Mary Butler (1906–1975), Australian microbiologist
• Esther Byrnes (1867–1946), American biologist and science teacher
• Bertha Cady (1873–1956), American entomologist and educator
• Audrey Cahn (1905–2008) Australian microbiologist and nutritionist
• Eleanor Carothers (1882–1957), American zoologist, geneticist and cytologist
• Rachel Carson (1907–1964), American marine biologist and conservationist
• Edith Katherine Cash (1890–1992), American mycologist and lichenologist
• Martha Chase (1927–2003), American molecular biologist
• Mary-Dell Chilton (1939–), American molecular biologist
• Theresa Clay (1911–1995), English entomologist
• Edith Clements (1874–1971), American botanist and pioneer of botanical ecology
• Elzada Clover (1897–1980), American botanist
• Ursula M. Cowgill, American biologist and anthropologist
• Gerty Theresa Cori (1896–1957), American biochemist (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947)
• Suzanne Cory (1942–), Australian immunologist/cancer researcher
• Janet Darbyshire, British epidemiologist
• Gertrude Crotty Davenport (1866–1946), American zoologist and eugenicist
• Sophie Charlotte Ducker (1909–2004), Australian botanist
• Sophia Eckerson (1880–1954), American botanist
• Sylvia Edlund (1945–2014), Canadian botanist
• Charlotte Elliott (1883-1974), American plant physiologist
• Charlotte Cortlandt Ellis (1874–1956), American botanist
• Vera Danchakoff (1879 – about 1950) Russian anatomist, cell biologist and embryologist, "mother of stem cells"
• Rhoda Erdmann (1870–1935), German cell biologist
• Katherine Esau (1898–1997), German-American botanist
• Edna H. Fawcett (1879–1960), American botanist
• Catherine Feuillet (1965-), French molecular biologist who was the first scientist to map the wheat chromosome 3B
• Dian Fossey (1932–1985), American zoologist
• Birutė Galdikas (1946–), German primatologist and conservationist
• Margaret Sylvia Gilliland (1917–1990), Australian biochemist
• Jane Goodall (1934–), British biologist, primatologist
• Isabella Gordon (1901–1988), Scottish marine biologist
• Susan Greenfield (1951–), British neurophysiologist (neurophysiology of the brain, popularisation of science)
• Charlotte Elliott (1883–1974), American plant physiologist
• Constance Endicott Hartt (1900–1984), American botanist
• Eliza Amy Hodgson (1888–1983), New Zealand botanist
• Lena B. Smithers Hughes (1905–1987), American botanist, developed strains of the Valencia orange
• Marian Koshland (1921–1997), American immunologist
• Frances Adams Le Sueur (1919–1995), British botanist and ornithologist
• Margaret Reed Lewis (1881–1970), American cell biologist and embryologist
• Maria Carmelo Lico (1927–1985), Italo-Argentinian-Brazilian neuroscientist
• Gloria Lim (1930-), Singaporean mycologist, first woman Dean of the Faculty of Science, University of Singapore
• Liliana Lubinska (1904–1990), Polish neuroscientist
• Misha Mahowald (1963–1996), American neuroscientist
• Lynn Margulis (1938–2011), American biologist
• Deborah Martin-Downs, Canadian aquatic biologist, ecologist
• Sara Branham Matthews (1888–1962), American microbiologist
• Barbara McClintock (1902–1992), American geneticist, Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine 1983
• Eileen McCracken (1920–1988), Irish botanist
• Ruth Colvin Starrett McGuire (1893–1950), American plant pathologist
• Anne McLaren (1927–2007), British developmental biologist
• Ethel Irene McLennan (1891–1983), Australian botanist
• Eunice Thomas Miner, American biologist, executive director of the New York Academy of Sciences 1939–1967
• Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012), Italian neurologist (Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine 1986 for growth factors)
• Ann Haven Morgan (1882–1966), American zoologist
• Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1942–), German geneticist and developmental biologist (Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine 1995 forhomeobox genes)
• Ida Shepard Oldroyd (1856–1940), American conchologist
• Daphne Osborne (1930–2006), British plant physiologist (plant hormones)
• Mary Parke (1908–1989), British marine botanist specialising in phycology, the study of algae
• Jane E. Parker (1960– ), British botanist who researches the immune responses of plants
• Eva J. Pell (1948–), American plant pathologist
• Theodora Lisle Prankerd (1878–1939), British botanist
• Joan Beauchamp Procter (1897–1931), British zoologist (herpetologist)
• F. Gwendolen Rees (1906–1994), British parasitologist
• Anita Roberts (1942–2006), American molecular biologist, "mother of TGF-Beta"
• Gudrun Ruud (1882–1958), Norwegian zoologist specializing in embryology
• Hazel Schmoll (1890–1990), American botanist
• Idah Sithole-Niang (1957-), biochemist focusing on cowpea production and disease
• Margaret A. Stanley, British virologist and epithelial biologist
• Phyllis Starkey (1947–) British biochemist and medical researcher
• Magda Staudinger (Latvian: Magda Štaudingere) (1902-1997), Latvian-German biologist and chemist
• Sarah Stewart (1905-1976), Mexican American microbiologist (discovered the Polyomavirus)
• Ragnhild Sundby (1922–2006), Norwegian zoologist
• Maria Telkes (1900–1995), Hungarian-American biophysicist
• Lois H. Tiffany (1924–2009), American mycologist
• Lydia Villa-Komaroff (1947–), Mexican American molecular cellular biologist
• Karen Vousden, British cancer researcher
• Elisabeth Vrba, South African paleontologist
• Marvalee Wake (born 1939), American biologist researching limbless amphibians, educator
• Jane C. Wright (1919–2013), American oncologist
• Kono Yasui (1880–1971), Japanese cytologist
• Eleanor Anne Young (1925–2007), American nutritionist and educator
• Anna Veiga (1956-) Spanish biologist Stem cell and Assisted reproductive technology researcher

Chemistry

Alice Ball

• Maria Abbracchio, (1956-) Italian pharmacologist who works with purinergic receptors and identified GPR17. On Reuter's most cited list since 2006.
• Barbara Askins (1939-), American chemist
• Alice Ball (1892-1916), American chemist
• Ulrike Beisiegel (1952-), German biochemist, researcher of liver fats and first female president of the University of Göttingen
• Anne Beloff-Chain (1921–1991), British biochemist
• Jeannette Brown (born 1934), medicinal chemist, writer, educator
• Astrid Cleve (1875–1968), Swedish chemist
• Seetha Coleman-Kammula (1950-) Indian chemist and plastics designer, turned environmentalist
• Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934), Polish-French chemist (pioneer in radiology, discovery of polonium and radium), Nobel prize in physics 1903 and Nobel prize in chemistry 1911
• Mary Campbell Dawbarn (1902–1982), Australian biochemist
• Moira Lenore Dynon (1920–1976), Australian chemist
• Gertrude B. Elion (1918–1999), American biochemist (Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 for drug development)
• Gwendolyn Wilson Fowler (1907-1997), American chemist and first licensed African American pharmacist in Iowa
• Rosalind Franklin (1920–1957), British physical chemist and crystallographer^[4]:82–89
• Ellen Gleditsch (1879–1968), Norwegian radiochemist^[5]
• Jenny Glusker (born 1931), British biochemist, educator
• Emīlija Gudriniece (1920-2004), Latvian chemist and academic
• Anna J. Harrison (1912–1998), American organic chemist
• Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994), British crystallographer,^[4]:75–81 Nobel prize in chemistry 1964
• Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915), German chemist
• Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956), French chemist and nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935
• Chika Kuroda (1884–1968), Japanese chemist
• Stephanie Kwolek (1923–), American chemist, inventor of Kevlar
• Lidija Liepiņa (1891-1985), Latvian chemist, one of the first Soviet doctorates in chemistry.
• Kathleen Lonsdale (1903-1971), British crystallographer^[4]:71–74
• Grace Medes (1886–1967), American biochemist
• Maud Menten (1879–1960), Canadian biochemist
• Helen T. Parsons (1886–1977), American biochemist
• Nellie M. Payne (1900–1990), American entomologist and agricultural chemist
• Eva Philbin (1914–2005), Irish chemist
• Darshan Ranganathan (1941-2001), Indian organic chemist
• Mildred Rebstock (1919-2011), American pharmaceutical chemist
• Elizabeth Rona, (1890-1981) Hungarian (naturalized American) nuclear chemist and polonium expert
• Patsy Sherman (1930-2008), American chemist, co-inventor of Scotchgard
• Marija Šimanska (1922-1995), Latvian chemist
• Ida Noddack Tacke (1896–1978), German chemist and physicist
• Grace Oladunni Taylor, Nigerian chemist 2nd woman inducted into the Nigerian Academy of Science
• Jean Thomas, British biochemist (chromatin)
• Michiyo Tsujimura (1888–1969), Japanese biochemist, agricultural scientist
• Elizabeth Williamson, English pharmacologist and herbalist
• Ada Yonath (1939–), Israeli crystallographer, Nobel prize in Chemistry 2009
• Christina Cruickshank Miller (1899-2001) Scottish chemist, one of the first women elected to Royal Society of Edinburgh

Geology

• Zonia Baber (1862–1955), American geographer and geologist
• Inés Cifuentes (1954–2014), American seismologist and educator
• Moira Dunbar (1918–1999), Scottish-Canadian glaciologist
• Elizabeth F. Fisher (1872-1941), American geologist
• Winifred Goldring (1888-1971), American paleontologist
• Eileen Hendriks (1887–1978), British geologist
• Dorothée Le Maître (1896–1990), French paleontologist
• Karen Cook McNally (1940–2014), American seismologist
• Inge Lehmann (1888–1993) Danish seismologist who discovered Earth’s solid inner core
• Marcia McNutt (1951– ), American geophysicist
• Ellen Louise Mertz (1896–1987), Danish engineering geologist
• Ruth Schmidt (1916–2014), American geologist
• Ethel Shakespear (1871–1946), English geologist
• Kathleen Sherrard (1898–1975), Australian geologist and palaeontologist
• Ethel Skeat (1865–1939), English paleontologist and geologist
• Marjorie Sweeting (1920–1994), British geomorphologist
• Marie Tharp (1920–2006), American geologist and oceanographic cartographer
• Elsa G. Vilmundardóttir (1932–2008), Iceland's first female geologist
• Marguerite Williams (1895-?), American geologist
• Alice Wilson (1881-1964), Canadian geologist and paleontologist
• Elizabeth A. Wood (1912–2006), American crystallographer and geologist

Mathematics or computer science

• Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British mathematician and electrical engineer (electric arcs, sand ripples, invention of several devices, geometry)
• Anita Borg (1949–2003), American computer scientist, founder of the Institute for Women and Technology
• Mary L. Cartwright (1900–1998), British mathematician^[6]
• Amanda Chessell, British computer scientist
• Ingrid Daubechies (1954–), Belgian mathematician (Wavelets - first woman to receive the National Academy of Sciences Award in Mathematics)
• Tatjana Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa (1876–1964), Russian/Dutch mathematician
• Deborah Estrin (1959–), American computer scientist
• Vera Faddeeva (Russian: Вера Николаевна Фаддеева) (1906-1983), Russian mathematician. One of the first to publish works on linear algebra.
• Evelyn Boyd Granville (1924–), American mathematician, second African-American woman to get a Ph.D. in mathematics
• Marion Cameron Gray (1902–1979), Scottish mathematician
• Frances Hardcastle (1866–1941), mathematician, founding member of the American Mathematical Society.^[7]
• Grace Hopper (1906–1992), American computer scientist
• Margarete Kahn (1880-1942), German mathematician
• Lyudmila Keldysh (1904-1976) Russia mathematician known for set theory and geometric topology
• Marguerite Lehr (1898–1987), American mathematician
• Margaret Anne LeMone (born 1946), mathematician and atmospheric scientist
• Barbara Liskov (1939–), American computer scientist for whom the Liskov substitution principle is named
• Margaret Millington (1944–1973), English mathematician
• Mangala Narlikar (graduated 1962), Indian mathematician
• Rózsa Péter (1905–1977), Hungarian mathematician
• Dorothy Maud Wrinch (1894–1976), British mathematician and theoretical biochemist
• Jeannette Wing, computer scientist, Microsoft Corporate Vice President

Science education

• Kathleen Jannette Anderson (1927 - 2002), Scottish biologist
• Susan Blackmore (1951–), British science writer (memetics, evolutionary theory, consciousness, parapsychology)
• Florence Annie Yeldham (1877 – 1945), British school teacher and historian of arithmetic

Engineering

• Kate Gleason (1865–1933), American engineer
• Frances Hugle (1927 – 1968), American engineer
• Maria Tereza Jorge Pádua (born 1943), Brazilian ecologist
• Mary Olliden Weaver (20th century), inventor of the "super slurper," a starch graft polymer ^[8]

Medicine

• Phyllis Margery Anderson (1901–1957), Australian pathologist
• Virginia Apgar (1909–1974) American obstetrical anesthesiologist (inventor of the Apgar score)
• Anna Baetjer (1899 –1984), American physiologist and toxicologist
• Roberta Bondar (1945-), Canadian, space medicine
• Dorothy Lavinia Brown (1919–2004), American surgeon
• Audrey Cahn (1905–2008), Australian nutritionist and microbiologist
• Margaret Chan (1947–), Chinese-Canadian health administrator; director of the World Health Organization
• Evelyn Stocking Crosslin (1919–1991), American physician
• Eleanor Davies-Colley (1874–1934), British surgeon (first female FRCS)
• Claire Fagin (1926-), American health-care researcher
• Esther Greisheimer (1891–1982), American academic and medical researcher
• L. Ruth Guy (1913–2006), American academic and pathologist
• Karen C. Johnson (1955-) American physician and clinical trials specialist who is one of Reuter's most cited scientists
• Mary Jeanne Kreek (born 1937), American neurobiologist
• Elise L'Esperance (1878–1958), American pathologist
• Elaine Marjory Little (1884–1974), Australian pathologist
• Anna Suk-Fong Lok, Chinese/American hepatologist, wrote WHO and AASLD guidelines for emerging countries and liver disease
• Eleanor Josephine Macdonald (1906–2007) pioneer American cancer epidemiologist and cancer researcher
• Catharine Macfarlane (1877-1969), American obstetrician and gynecologist
• Charlotte E. Maguire (1918—2014), Florida pediatrician and medical school benefactor
• Louisa Martindale (1872–1966), British surgeon
• Helen Mayo (1878–1967), Australian doctor and pioneer in preventing infant mortality
• Frances Gertrude McGill (1877–1959), Canadian forensic pathologist
• Eleanor Montague (born 1926), American radiologist and radiotherapist
• Anne B. Newman (1955- ), US Geriatrics & Gerontology expert
• Antonia Novello (1944-), Puerto Rican physician and Surgeon General of the United States
• Dorothea Orem (1914-2007), Nursing theorist
• Ida Ørskov (1922–2007), Danish bacteriologist
• May Owen (1892-1988), Texas pathologist, discovered talcum powder used on surgical gloves caused infection and peritoneal scarring
• Angeliki Panajiotatou (1875-1954), Greek physician and microbiologist
• Kathleen I. Pritchard (1956-), Canadian oncologist, breast cancer researcher and noted as one of Reuter's most cited scientists.
• Frieda Robscheit-Robbins (1888-1973), German-American pathologist
• Ora Mendelsohn Rosen (1935–1990), American medical researcher
• Una Ryan, (1941) Malaysian born-American, heart disease researcher, biotech vaccine and diagnostics maker/marketer
• Una M. Ryan, (1966) patented DNA test identifying the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium
• Velma Scantlebury, (1955) first woman of African descent to become a transplant surgeon in the U.S.
• Lise Thiry (born 1921), Belgian virologist, senator
• Helen Rodríguez Trías (1929-2001), Puerto Rican American pediatrician and advocate for women's reproductive rights
• Marie Stopes (1880-1958) British paleobotanist and pioneer in birth control
• Elizabeth M. Ward, American epidemiologist and head of the Epidemiology and Surveillance Research Department of the American Cancer Society
• Elsie Widdowson (1908–2000), British nutritionist
• Fiona Wood, (1958–), British-Australian plastic surgeon

Paleoanthropology

• Mary Leakey (1913–1996), British paleoanthropologist
• Suzanne LeClercq (1901-1994), Belgian paleobotanist and paleontologist

Physics

Maria Goeppert-Mayer

• Faye Ajzenberg-Selove (1926–), American nuclear physicist, (2007 US National Medal of Science)^[9]
• Betsy Ancker-Johnson (1929–), American plasma physicist
• Milla Baldo-Ceolin (1924–2011), Italian particle physicist^[10]
• Marietta Blau (1894–1970), German experimental particle physicist
• Lili Bleeker (1897-1985), Dutch physicist
• Katharine Blodgett (1898–1979), American thin-film physicist^[11]
• Christiane Bonnelle, French spectroscopist^[12]
• Sonja Ashauer (1923–1948), first Brazilian woman to earn a doctorate in physics
• Tatiana Birshtein (born 1928), molecular scientist specializing in the physics of polymers
• Margrete Heiberg Bose (1866–1952), Danish physicist (active in Argentina from 1909)
• Jenny Rosenthal Bramley (1909–1997), Lithuanian-American physicist,^[13][14]
• Harriet Brooks (1876–1933), Canadian radiation physicist
• A. Catrina Bryce (1956–), Scottish laser scientist
• Nina Byers (1930–2014), American physicist^[15]
• Yvette Cauchois (1908–1999), French physicist^[16]
• Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat (1923–), French theoretical physicist^[17]
• Patricia Cladis (1937–), Canadian/American physicist^[18]
• Esther Conwell (1922–), American physicist, semiconductors^[19]
• Cécile DeWitt-Morette (1922–), French mathematician and physicist^[20]
• Louise Dolan, American mathematical physicist, theoretical particle physics and superstring theory
• Nancy M. Dowdy (1938–), Nuclear physicist, arms control^[21]
• Mildred Dresselhaus (1930–), American physicist, graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and low-dimensional thermoelectrics^[22]
• Helen T. Edwards (1936–), American physicist, Tevatron^[23]
• Magda Ericson (1929–), French nuclear physicist^[24]
• Edith Farkas (1921-1993), Hungarian-born New Zealand meteorologist who measured ozone levels^[25]
• Ursula Franklin (1921–), Canadian metallurgist, research physicist, author and educator
• Judy Franz (1938–), American physicst and educator^[26]
• Joan Maie Freeman (1918–1998), Australian physicist
• Phyllis S. Freier (1921–1992), American astrophysicist^[27]
• Mary K. Gaillard (1939–), American theoretical physicist^[28]
• Fanny Gates (1872–1931), American physicist^[29]
• Claire F. Gmachl, American physicist
• Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972), German-American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics 1963^[30]
• Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber (1911–1998), American nuclear physicist^[31]
• Sulamith Goldhaber (1923–1965), American high-energy physicist and molecular spectroscopist^[32]
• Gail Hanson (1947–), American high-energy physicist^[33]
• Margrete Heiberg Bose (1866–1952), Danish/Argentine physicist
• Evans Hayward (1922–), American physicist^[34]
• Caroline Herzenberg (1932–), American physicist^[35]
• Hanna von Hoerner (1942–2014), German astrophysicist
• Shirley Jackson (1946–), American nuclear physicist, president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, first African-American woman to earn a doctorate from M.I.T.^[36]
• Bertha Swirles Jeffreys (1903–1999), British physicist^[37]
• Lorella M. Jones (1943–1995), American particle physicist
• Carole Jordan (1941–), British solar physicist
• Renata Kallosh (1943–), Russian/American theoretical physicist^[38]
• Berta Karlik (1904–1990), Austrian physicist^[39]
• Bruria Kaufman (1918–2010)^[40]
• Elizaveta Karamihailova (1897-1968), Bulgarian nuclear physicist
• Marcia Keith (1859–1950)^[41]
• Ann Kiessling (1942–)
• Margaret G. Kivelson (1928–)^[42]
• Noemie Benczer Koller (1933–)^[43]
• Ninni Kronberg (1874-1946), Swedish physiologist in nutrition
• Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf (1922–2010)^[44]
• Elizabeth Laird (physicist) (1874–1969)^[45]
• Juliet Lee-Franzini (1933–2014)^[46]
• Inge Lehmann (1888–1993), Danish seismologist and geophysicist^[47]
• Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971)^[48]
• Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist^[49]
• Helen Megaw (1907–2002)^[50]
• Mileva Maric (1875-1948), Serbian physicist, first wife of Albert Einstein^[51]
• Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian nuclear physicist (pioneering nuclear physics, discovery of nuclear fission, protactinium, and the Auger effect)
• Kirstine Meyer (1861–1941)^[52]
• Luise Meyer-Schutzmeister (1915–1981)^[53]
• Anna Nagurney Canadian-born, US operations researcher/management scientist focusing on networks
• Chiara Nappi, Italian American physicist
• Ann Nelson (1958–), American physicist
• Marcia Neugebauer,^[54]
• Gertrude Neumark (1927–2010)^[55]
• Ida Tacke Noddack (1896–1979)^[56]

Emmy Noether

• Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician and theoretical physicist (symmetries and conservation laws)
• Marguerite Perey (1909–1975)^[57]
• Melba Phillips (1907–2004)^[58]
• Agnes Pockels (1862–1935)^[59]
• Pelageya Polubarinova-Kochina (1899–1999), Russian physicist^[60]
• Edith Quimby (1891–1982)^[61]
• Helen Quinn (1943–), American particle physicist^[62]
• Lisa Randall (1962–), American physicist
• Myriam Sarachik (1933–), American physicist^[63]
• Bice Sechi-Zorn (1928–1984), Italian/American nuclear physicist^[64]
• Anneke Levelt Sengers (born 1929), Dutch physicist specializing in the critical states of fluids
• Johanna Levelt Sengers, Dutch/American physicist^[65]
• Hertha Sponer (1895–1968), German/American physicist and chemist^[66]
• Isabelle Stone (1868–1944), American thin-film physicist and educator^[67]
• Edith Anne Stoney (1869-1938), Anglo-Irish medical physicist
• Katharine Way (1903–1995), American nuclear physicist^[68]
• Mariana Weissmann (born 1933) Argentine physicist,computational physics of condensed matter
• Lucy Wilson (1888-1980) American physicist, working on optics and perception
• Leona Woods (1919–1986), American nuclear physicist
• Chien-Shiung Wu (1912–1997), Chinese-American physicist (nuclear physics, (non) conservation of parity)
• Sau Lan Wu, Chinese-American particle physicist^[69]
• Xide Xie (Hsi-teh Hsieh) (1921–2000), Chinese physicist^[70]
• Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011), American medical physicist (Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 for radioimmunoassay)
• Fumiko Yonezawa (born 1938), Japanese theoretical physicist
• Toshiko Yuasa (1909–1980), Japanese nuclear physicist

Psychology

• Mary Ainsworth (1913–1999), American-Canadian developmental psychologist, inventor of the "Strange Situation" procedure
• Martha E. Bernal (1931-2001), Mexican-American clinical psychologist, first Latina to receive a psychology PhD in the United States
• Lera Boroditsky, American psychologist
• Mamie Clark (1917–1983), African-American psychologist active in the civil rights movement
• Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902–1959) important early figure in U.S. psychosomatic medicine^[71]
• Tsuruko Haraguchi (1886–1915), Japanese psychologist
• Margaret Kennard (1899–1975) did pioneering research on age effects on brain damage, which produced early evidence for neuroplasticity
• Grace Manson (1893–1967), occupational psychologist
• Rosalie Rayner (1898–1935), American psychology researcher^[72]
• Marianne Simmel (1923–2010), American psychologist, made important contributions in research on social perception and phantom limb.^[73]
• Davida Teller (1938–2011), American psychologist, known for work on development of the visual system in infants.^[74][75]
• Nora Volkow (1956-), Mexican-American psychiatrist, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
• Margo Wilson (1945–2009), Canadian evolutionary psychologist
• Catherine G. Wolf (1947–), American psychologist and expert in human-computer interaction

See also

• Index of women scientists articles
• List of female mathematicians
• List of female Nobel laureates
• Women in computing
• Women in engineering
• Women in geology
• Women in medicine

Notes

1. "Janine Connes". CWP.
2. "Sandra Faber". CWP.
3. "Vera Rubin". CWP.
4. Rayner-Canham & Rayner-Canham 2001
5. "Ellen Gleditsch". CWP.
6. "Mary L. Cartwright". CWP.
7. Patricia C. Kenschaft (2005). Change Is Possible: Stories of Women And Minorities in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8218-3748-1. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
8. 3935099 A US Starch-containing polymer compositions are prepared which absorb amounts of water equaling up to more than 1000 times their own weight. The compositions find many applications including their incorporation into products such as disposable diapers, surgical pads and sheets, and paper towels. US 3935099 A, Weaver, Mary Olliden; Edward B. Bagley & George F. Fanta et al., "Method of reducing water content of emulsions, suspensions, and dispersions with highly absorbent starch-containing polymeric compositions", issued 1976-01-27 
9. "Fay Ajzenberg-Selove". CWP.
10. "Milla Baldo-Ceolin". CWP.
11. "Katharine Blodgett". CWP.
12. "Christiane Bonnelle". CWP.
13. "Jenny Rosenthal Bramley". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
14. "Jennry Rosenthal Bramley". CWP.
15. "Nina Byers". CWP.
16. "Yvette Cauchois". CWP.
17. "Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat". CWP.
18. "Patricia Cladis". CWP.
19. "Esther Conwell". CWP.
20. "Cécile DeWitt-Morette". CWP.
21. "Nancy M. Dowdy". CWP.
22. "Mildred Dresselhaus". CWP.
23. "Helen T. Edwards". CWP.
24. "Magda Ericson". CWP.
25. "Rosslyn Shanks". iwonderweather. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
26. "Judy Franz". CWP.
27. "Phyllis S. Freier". CWP.
28. "Mary K. Gaillard". CWP.
29. "Fanny Gates". CWP.
30. "Maria Goeppert-Mayer". CWP.
31. "Gertrude Scharff Goldhaber". CWP.
32. "Sulamith Goldhaber". CWP.
33. "Gail Hanson". CWP.
34. "Evans Hayward". CWP.
35. "Caroline Herzenberg". CWP.
36. "Shirley Jackson (physicist)". CWP.
37. "Bertha Swirls Jeffreys". CWP.
38. "Renata Kallosh". CWP.
39. "Berta Karlik". CWP.
40. "Bruria Kaufman". CWP.
41. "Marcia Keith". CWP.
42. "Margaret Kivelson". CWP.
43. "Noemie Benczer Koller". CWP.
44. "Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf". CWP.
45. "Elizabeth Laird". CWP.
46. "Juliet Lee-Franzini". CWP.
47. "Inge Lehmann". CWP.
48. "Kathleen Lonsdale". CWP.
49. "Margaret Eliza Maltby". CWP.
50. "Helen Megaw". CWP.
51. Desanka Trbuhovic-Gjuric (1988). Im Schatten Albert Einsteins: Das tragische Leben der Mileva Einstein-Maric. Verlag Paul Haupt Bern und Stuttgart. ISBN 3258039739.
52. "Kirstine Meyer". CWP.
53. "Luise Meyer-Schutzmeister". CWP.
54. "Marcia Neugebauer". CWP.
55. "Gertrude Neumark". CWP.
56. "Ida Tacke Noddack". CWP.
57. "Marguerite Perey". CWP.
58. "Melba Phillips". CWP.
59. "Agnes Pockels". CWP.
60. "P. Ya. Polubarinova-Kochina". CWP.
61. "Edith Quimby". CWP.
62. "Helen Quinn". CWP.
63. "Myriam Sarachik". CWP.
64. "Bice Sechi-Zorn". CWP.
65. "Johanna Levelt Sengers". CWP.
66. "Hertha Sponer". CWP.
67. "Isabelle Stone". CWP.
68. "Katharine Way". CWP.
69. "Sau Lan Wu". CWP.
70. "Xide Xie". CWP.
71. Kemp, Hendrika Vande (2001). "Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902-1959)". The Feminist Psychologist. 28 (1). Retrieved 24 October 2013.
72. Duke, Carla; Fried, Stephen; Pliley, Wilma; Walker, Daley (August 1989). "Contributions to the history of psychology LIX: Rosalie Rayner Watson: The mother of a behaviorist's sons". Psychological Reports. 65 (1): 163–169. doi:10.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.163.
73. "Marianne L. Simmel (1923-2010)". American Psychologist. 67 (2): 162. February–March 2012. doi:10.1037/a0026289.
74. Brown, A. M.; Lindsey, D. T. (2013). "Infant color vision and color preferences: A tribute to Davida Teller". Visual Neuroscience. 30 (5–6): 1–8. doi:10.1017/S0952523813000114. PMID 23879986.
75. "Davida Y. "Vida" Teller, Ph.D". The Seattle Times. Seattle, WA. October 23, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2013.

References

• Byers, Nina. "Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics". UCLA. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
• Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1986). Women scientists from antiquity to the present : an index : an international reference listing and biographical directory of some notable women scientists from ancient to modern times. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press. ISBN 0-933951-01-9.
• Howard, Sethanne (2006). The hidden giants. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1430300762.
• Howes, Ruth H.; Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1999). Their day in the sun : women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. ISBN 1-56639-719-7.
• Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2001). Women in chemistry : their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0941901277.
• Stevens, Gwendolyn; Gardner, Sheldon (1982). The women of psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman. ISBN 9780870734434.
• Yount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science and Math (Rev. ed.). New York: Infobase Pub. ISBN 9781438107950.

External links

• Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics