List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 312.22

This is a list of instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number, covering those instruments that are classified under 312.22 under that system. These instruments are single-stringed heterochord musical bows with an attached resonator and a tuning noose.

3: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (chordophones, string instruments).

31: Instruments which consist solely of a string bearer or a string bearer with a resonator that is not integral to the instrument

312: Instrument has a string bearer made of a vaulted surface (tube zithers)

312.2: Instrument has strings that are stretched across a convex gutter (half-tube zithers)

312.22: Instrument is a heterochord

These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.

• 4: Hammers or beaters
• 5: Bare hands and fingers
• 6: Plectrum
• 7: Bowing
  • 71: Using a bow
  • 72: Using a wheel
  • 73: Using a ribbon
• 8: Keyboard
• 9: Using a mechanical drive

Instrument	Tradition	Hornbostel–Sachs classification	Description
ajaeng 아쟁, 牙箏	Korea	312.22	Half-tube zither with seven silk strings, played with a piece of forsythia wood
Đàn tranh 檀箏	Vietnam	312.22	Wooden-bodied and steel-stringed zither
gayageum[1][2] kayagum, kayago, kayagŭm, 가야금, 伽倻琴	Korea	312.22-5	zither-like string instrument, with 12 strings.
geomungo komungo, kŏmun'go, hyeongeum, hyongum, hyŏn'gŭm	Korea	312.22	Fretted zither
guqin	China	312.22
guzheng [3] zheng, gu-zheng	China	312.22-5	Half-tube zither, rectangular with three sound holes on the bottom, now with twenty-one strings most typically, pentatonic tuning, strings are plucked by hand
koto[4]	Japan	312.22	Long and hollow thirteen-stringed instrument
koto, 17-string	Japan	312.22	17-stringed koto
se	China	312.22	Ancient plucked instrument
yazheng ya zheng, ya cheng	China	312.22

References

• von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal. The Galpin Society Journal, Vol. 14. 14: 3–29. doi:10.2307/842168. JSTOR 842168.

Notes

1. "Kayagum 3". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
2. "Kayagum". University of Washington Libraries. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
3. "Dong Yi in Zheng Recital at the Great Hall of the People". Link Chinese. Retrieved December 21, 2007. As the most popular national instrument in China, zheng (also known as gu-zheng) is one of the eldest Chinese string instruments with a history of at least 2,500 years.
4. "Koto". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 13, 2008.

Hornbostel–Sachs system
1. Idiophone (list)	11. Struck 111. Directly 111.1. Concussion 111.2. Percussion 112. Indirectly 112.1. Shaken/rattle 112.2. Scraped/rasp 12. Plucked 121. Frame 121.1. Clack 121.2. Guimbarde 122. Comb 122.1. Lace 122.2. Cut out 13. Friction 131. Stick Nail violin 132. Plaque Musical saw Daxophone 133. Vessel Glass harmonica 14. Blown 141. Stick 142. Plaque
2. Membran- ophone (list)	21. Struck 211. Directly 211.1. Bowl 211.2. Tubular 211.3. Frame 212. Shaken 22. Plucked Nyatiti 23. Friction 231. Stick 232. Cord 233. Hand 24. Kazoo 241. Free 242. Tube/vessel
3. Chordophone (list)	31. Simple / zither 311. Bar/stick Musical bow Stick zither 312. Tube Whole Half 313. Raft Idiochord Heterochord 314. Board 315. Trough 316. Frame 32. Composite 321. Lute 321.1. Bow 321.2. Yoke 322. Harp 322.1. Open 322.2. Frame 323. Harp lute
4. Aerophone (list)	41. Free 411. Displacement Whip 412. Interruptive 412.1. Idiophonic/reed 412.2. Non-idiophonic 413. Plosive 42. Non-free 421. Flute 421.1. Non-fipple 421.2. Fipple 422. Reed 422.1. Double reed 422.2. Single reed 422.3. Reedpipe 423. Brass 423.1 Natural 423.2 Chromatic
5. Electrophone (list)	51. Action 52. Amplification 53. Radioelectric Theremin
List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number Musical instrument classification