List of traditional Chinese medicines

In traditional Chinese medicine, there are roughly 13,000 medicinals used in China and over 100,000 medicinal prescriptions recorded in the ancient literature.[1] Plant elements and extracts are the most common elements used in medicines.[2] In the classic Handbook of Traditional Drugs from 1941, 517 drugs were listed - 442 were plant parts, 45 were animal parts, and 30 were minerals.[2]

Herbal medicine, as used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), came to widespread attention in the United States in the 1970s. At least 40 states in the United States license practitioners of Oriental medicine, and there are about 50 colleges of Oriental medicine in the United States today.[3]

In Japan, the use of TCM herbs and herbal formulas is traditionally known as Kampo, literally "Han Chinese Medical Formulas". Many Kampo combinations are manufactured in Japan on a large scale by reputable manufacturers.[4]

In Korea, more than 5000 herbs and 7000 herbal formulas are used in Traditional Korean Medicine for the prevention and treatment of ailments. These are herbs and formulas that are traditionally Korean or derived from, or are used in TCM.[5]

In Vietnam, traditional medicine comprises Thuoc Bac (Northern Medicine) and Thuoc Nam (Southern Medicine). Only those who can understand Chinese characters could diagnose and prescribe remedies in Northern Medicine. The theory of Northern Medicine is based on the Yin-Yang interactions and the eight trigrams, as used in Chinese Medicine.[6][7] Herbs such as Gleditsia sinensis are used in both Traditional Vietnamese Medicine and TCM.

Ginseng is the most broadly used substance for the most broad set of alleged cures. Powdered antlers, horns, teeth, and bones are second in importance to ginseng, with claims ranging from curing cancer to curing impotence.

Mammals

Human parts and excreta

Human body parts and excreta are currently used in TCM medicines and are included in its new textbooks and handbooks, such as licorice in human feces, dried human placenta, finger nails, child's urine, hair, and urinary sediments (Hominis Urinae Sedimentum, Ren Zhong Bai).[8] The current consumption of human parts is considered cannibalism by some.[9] Other parts include pubic hair, flesh, blood, bone, semen, and menstrual blood.[8] The Bencao Gangmu describes the use of 35 human waste products and body parts as medicines, such as bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, and organs. - Also listed are human breath and the "soul of criminals that were hanged", which is considered under TCM to be a material object resembling charcoal that is dug out of the ground beneath the body shortly after a hanged criminal died, but very few human or allegedly human products remain in use today.[8]

There is considerable controversy about the ethics of use of criminals for body parts, using humans as commodities, and consumption of human body parts which some consider to be cannibalism.[8]

Dried human placenta

Dried human placenta is believed to treat male impotence, male and female infertility, chronic cough, asthma, and insomnia.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

Human feces and urine

Further information: Probiotic
Further information: Fecal transplant

The contemporary use of licorice in prepared human feces is known as Ren Zhong Huang[16] Human urine sediment is called Ren Zhong Bai. Both Ren Zhong Huang and Ren Zhong Bai are used to treat inflammatory conditions and fungal infections of the skin and mouth.[17]

In Traditional Chinese medicine, human feces is used in a decoction of licorice. These feces-licorice decoctions have been found to have profound differences in pharmacokinetics as compared to pure glycyrrhizin.[18] Initial studies investigating traditional Chinese Medicine indicate that taking the fecal bacteria alongside the licorice may improve the pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizin,[19] and certain strains of gut bacteria may produce an anti-tumor effect and an immune boosting effect.[20] Human gut flora may protect against cell damage caused by hydrogen peroxide.[21]

Human penis

The human penis is not a drug
— Li Shizhen

Human penis is believed under TCM to stop bleeding, and as with other TCM medicines, the basis for belief in its therapeutic effects is anecdotal and not based on the scientific method; Li Shizhen, author of the greatest pharmacological work in pre-modern China, the Bencao Gangmu, objected to use of human penis, but cited the anecdotal evidence and included it in the Bencao Gangmu, which is still a standard reference today.[8][22]

Human pubic hair

Human pubic hair ("shady hair") was claimed to cure snakebite, difficult birth, abnormal urination, and "yin and yang disorder" (A disease unique to TCM based on its views of sexual behavior).[8]

Donkey-hide gelatin

Gelatin made from the hide of donkeys (ejiao) is made into pellets for use in making teas.[23]

Deer penis

Main article: Deer penis wine

Deer penis is commonly sold in Chinese pharmacies.[24] and served in specialized restaurants such as the Guo Li Zhuang restaurant in Beijing.[25] The deer penis is typically very large and, under TCM it must be extracted from the deer whilst still alive.[26] Often it is then sliced into small pieces, typically by women and then roasted and dried in the sun and then preserved while the deer looks on. China banned deer penis wine during the 2008 Summer Olympics, as it is believed that the wine is an effective treatment for athletic injuries.[27][28]

Flying squirrel feces

Flying squirrel feces is used to stop bleeding.[10][11][12][13][15]

The text Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology notes that flying squirrel feces has a "distinct odor" that "may decrease patient compliance" with ingesting it.[29]

It is believed to have uses for amenorrhea, menses pain, postpartum abdominal pain, epigastric pain, and chest pain.[11] It is boiled in a decoction with other herbs prior to ingestion. If it is to be used in a formula to stop heavy bleeding; it is dry fried prior to making the decoction.[10][11][12][13][15][30] Use of flying squirrel feces as medicine has been associated with Rickettsia infections.[31]

Pangolin scales

Scales of pangolins are used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Rhinoceros horn

The horn of a rhinoceros is used as an antipyretic - because it is believed to "cool the blood" - however several scientific studies failed to find any active antipyretic molecule in rhinoceros horn.[32] The illegal trade in rhinoceros horns has decimated the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years.[33]

Tiger penis

Main article: Tiger penis

The penis and testicles of male tigers is used by some to treat erectile dysfunction and to improve sexual performance, despite tiger penis being a placebo.[34] Critically endangered species such as the Sumatran tiger are often being hunted to keep up with the illegal demand for tiger parts.[35]

Reptiles and amphibians

Snake oil

Main article: Snake oil
Further information: Eicosapentaenoic acid

Snake oil is the most widely known Chinese medicine in the west, due to extensive marketing in the west in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and wild claims of its efficacy to treat many maladies.[36][37] Snake oil is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat joint pain by rubbing it on joints as a liniment.[36]

This is theoretically possible because snake oil is higher in eicosapentaenoic acid than most other oils. But there are no scientific studies showing that rubbing it on joints has any positive effect, or that snake oil is safe for daily consumption.[36][37]

Toad secretions

The secretions of various species of toads are an ingredient in certain traditional Chinese teas. However, these teas may contain deadly amounts of cardiac glycosides and thus should be avoided[23]

Toad-headed gecko

Toad-head geckos are gutted, beheaded, dried and then crushed, and are used to treat asthma, male impotence and the common cold.[38]

Turtle shell

Widespread medicinal use of turtle shells is of concern to conservationists.[39]

Marine life

Seahorse

Seahorse (Hai Ma) is a fundamental ingredient in therapies for a variety of disorders, including asthma, arteriosclerosis, incontinence, impotence, insomnia, thyroid disorders, skin ailments, broken bones, heart disease, throat infections, abdominal pain, sores, skin infections; it is also used as an aphrodisiac and to facilitate childbirth.[40][41] As many as 20 million seahorses per year may be used for TCM purposes.[42][43] In one study, 58 seahorse samples were collected from various TCM vendors in Taiwan, and of all the eight species identified from the fifty-eight samples, seven were vulnerable, and one was endangered.[44]

Shark fin soup

Main article: Shark fin soup

Shark fin soup is traditionally regarded as beneficial for health in East Asia, and its status as an elite dish has led to huge demand with the increase of affluence in China, devastating shark populations.[45]

Insects

Blister beetle

Main article: Cantharidin

Blister beetles (Ban mao) are believed under TCM to treat skin lesions, because they cause them.[46] They contain the blister agent cantharidin.[47]

Centipede

Powdered centipede (wu gong) is believed under TCM to treat tetanus, seizures, convulsions, skin lesions, and pain.[48] It is toxic.[48]

Hornets nest

Hornets nest (lu feng fang) is used to treat skin disorders and ringworm.[49] It may be toxic.[47]

Leech

Hirudo medicinalis is used in TCM to treat amenorrhea, abdominal and chest pain, and constipation.[50]

Scorpion

Dried scorpions (Chinese: 全蠍, Pinyin:quan xie) may be ground into a powder and mixed with water.[51] In TCM, powdered scorpion is toxic and is therefore used to treat poisoning.[51] A scorpion venom peptide was found to help with arthritis in vitro.[52]

Fungi

Various fungi are used in TCM. Some may have scientifically proven medicinal value, while others may be extremely toxic.

Supernatural mushroom

Main article: Ganoderma lucidum

The supernatural mushroom (lingzhi mushroom, Chinese "linh chi" = "supernatural mushroom", "reishi mushroom" in Japan) encompasses several fungal species of the genus Ganoderma, and most commonly refers to the closely related species, Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae. G. lucidum enjoys special veneration in East Asia, where it has been used as a medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years,[53] making it one of the oldest mushrooms known to have been used medicinally. Today, the ling zhi mushroom is used in a herbal formula designed to minimize the side effects of chemotherapy.[54]

Extracts of the mushroom are used as a commercial pharmaceutical to suppress cancer cell proliferation and migration, although the mechanisms by which this is achieved are currently unknown.[55]

Tremella fuciformis

Tremella fuciformis is used as a beauty product by women in China and Japan as it reportedly increases moisture retention in the skin and prevents senile degradation of micro-blood vessels in the skin, reducing wrinkles and smoothing fine lines. Other beneficial effects come from its ability to increase the activity of SOD in the brain and liver.[56][56]

Plants

There are thousands of plants that are used as medicines.[57] The following list represents a very small portion of the pharmacopoeia.

Aconite

Monkshood root is commonly used in TCM.[58] It was once so commonly used it was called "the king of the 100 herbs".[59][60]

The monkshood plant contains what is called "the queen of poisons", the highly toxic alkaloid aconitine.[61] Aconitine is easily absorbed through the skin, eyes and through the lining of the nose; Death may occur through respiratory paralysis. A few minutes after exposure, paresthesia starts at the mouth and slowly beings to cover the whole body, Anesthesia, hot and cold flashes, nausea and vomiting and other similar symptoms follow. Sometimes there is strong pain, accompanied by cramps, or diarrhea.[62]

When a person has a negative reaction to the alkaloid, some practitioners of classical Chinese medicine think that this is because it was that the monkshood plant was processed incorrectly or planted on the wrong place or on the wrong day of the year; Not because of an overdose[60][63]

The Chinese also used aconitine both for hunting[64] and for warfare.[65]

Birthworts

Further information: Aristolochic acid
Further information: Birthwort

Birthworts (family Aristolochiaceae) are often used to treat many aliments, including hypertension, hemorrhoids, and colic.[66] However - they are of little medicinal value and contain the carcinogen aristolochic acid.[67] The over-use of this plant family in TCM is thought be a significant cause of upper urinary tract cancer and kidney failure in Taiwan; in 2012, approximately a third of all herbal prescriptions in Taiwan contained birthworts. Supplements containing birthwort may be responsible for BEN.[68]

Camellia sinensis

Tea from India, Sri Lanka, Java and Japan is used in TCM for aches and pains, digestion, depression, detoxification, as an energizer and, to prolong life.[69]

Cayenne pepper

Cayenne pepper is believed under TCM to be a prophylactic medicine.[70]

Chinese cucumber

The fruit of Trichosanthes kirilowii is believed to treat tumors, reduce fevers, swelling and coughing, abscesses, amenorrhea, jaundice, and polyuria. The plant is deadly if improperly prepared; causing pulmonary edema, cerebral hemorrhage, seizures, and high fever.[71]

Chrysanthemum flowers

Chrysanthemum flowers (Ju Hua) are used in TCM to treat headaches, fever, dizziness and dry eyes. They are also used to make certain beverages. Chrysanthemum flowers are believed to "brighten the eyes, pacify the liver, break blood, clear heat, stop dysentery, disperse wind, relieve toxicity, and regulate the center".[72]

Cocklebur fruit

Cocklebur fruit (Xanthium, cang er zi) is one of the most important herbs in TCM, and is commonly to treat sinus congestion, chronic nasal obstructions and discharges, and respiratory allergies.[73]

The plant is mildly toxic and can cause gastrointestinal upset[74]

Crow dipper

Pinellia ternata is believed under TCM to be the strongest of all TCM herbs for removing phlegm.

Active ingredinets of this herb include: methionine, glycine, β-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, ephedrine, trigonelline, phytosterols and glucoronic acid.[54]

Care should be taken as crow dipper is toxic.

Croton seed

Seeds of Croton tiglium are used in TCM to treat gastrointestinal disorders, convulsions, and skin lesions. They are often used with rhubarb, dried ginger and apricot seed.[75] Care should be taken as the seeds are toxic and carcinogenic.[76]

Dioscorea root

In TCM, Dioscorea Root (Radix Dioscorea, Huai Shan Yao or Shan Yao in Chinese), benefits both the Yin and Yang, and is used to tonify the lungs, spleen and kidney. It can "be used in large amounts and 30g is suggested when treating diabetes". If taken habitually, it "brightens the intellect and prolongs life".[77]

Ginger

Main article: Ginger

Ginger root, Zingiber officinale, has been used in China for over 2,000 years to treat indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea, and nausea. It is also used in TCM to treat arthritis, colic, diarrhea, heart conditions, the common cold, flu-like symptoms, headaches, and menstrual cramps. Today, health care professionals worldwide commonly recommend ginger to help prevent or treat nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness, pregnancy, and cancer chemotherapy. It is also used as a treatment for minor stomach upset, as a supplement for arthritis, and may even help prevent heart disease and cancer.[78]

Ginkgo

Main article: Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba seeds are crushed and believed under TCM to treat asthma.[79] G. biloba has been used by humans for nearly 5,000 years.[80] However, further scientific studies are needed to establish the efficacy of G. biloba as a medicine.[80]

Ginseng

Further information: Panax ginseng

Ginseng root is the most widely sold traditional Chinese medicine. The name "ginseng" is used to refer to both American (Panax quinquefolius) and Asian or Korean ginseng (P. ginseng), which belong to the species Panax and have a similar chemical makeup. Siberian ginseng or Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is another type of plant. Asian ginseng has a light tan, gnarled root that often looks like a human body with stringy shoots for arms and legs. In ancient times, herbalists thought that because of the way ginseng looks it could treat many different kinds of syndromes, from fatigue and stress to asthma and cancer. In traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng was often combined with other herbs and used often to bring longevity, strength, and mental alacrity to its users. Asian ginseng is believed to enhance the immune system in preventing and treating infection and disease. Several clinical studies report that Asian ginseng can improve immune function. Studies have found that ginseng seems to increase the number of immune cells in the blood, and improve the immune system's response to a flu vaccine. In one study, 227 participants received either ginseng or placebo for 12 weeks, with a flu shot administered after 4 weeks. The number of colds and flu were two-thirds lower in the group that took ginseng.[81]

Ginseng contains stimulants, but may produce side effect including high blood pressure, low blood pressure, and mastalgia.[82] Ginseng may also lead to induction of mania in depressed patients who mix it with antidepressants.[83] One of the most common and characteristic symptoms of acute overdose of ginseng from the genus Panax is bleeding. Symptoms of mild overdose with Panax ginseng may include dry mouth and lips, excitation, fidgeting, irritability, tremor, palpitations, blurred vision, headache, insomnia, increased body temperature, increased blood pressure, edema, decreased appetite, increased sexual desire, dizziness, itching, eczema, early morning diarrhea, bleeding, and fatigue.[29] Symptoms of gross overdose with Panax ginseng may include nausea, vomiting, irritability, restlessness, urinary and bowel incontinence, fever, increased blood pressure, increased respiration, decreased sensitivity and reaction to light, decreased heart rate, cyanotic facial complexion, red face, seizures, convulsions, and delirium.[57]

The constituents of ginseng include triterpene saponins, aglycone protopanaxadiol, aglycone protopanaxytriol, aglycone oleanolic acid and water-soluble polysaccharides.[54]

Goji berry

Main article: Wolfberry

Marketing literature for goji berry (wolfberry) products including several "goji juices" suggest that wolfberry polysaccharides have extensive biological effects and health benefits, although none of these claims have been supported by peer-reviewed research.

A May 2008 clinical study published by the peer-reviewed Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine indicated that parametric data, including body weight, did not show significant differences between subjects receiving Lycium barbarum berry juice and subjects receiving the placebo; the study concluded that subjective measures of health were improved and suggested further research in humans was necessary.[84] This study, however, was subject to a variety of criticisms concerning its experimental design and interpretations.[85]

Published studies have also reported possible medicinal benefits of Lycium barbarum, especially due to its antioxidant properties,[86] including potential benefits against cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases,[87][88] vision-related diseases[89] (such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma[90]), having neuroprotective properties[91] or as an anticancer[92] and immunomodulatory agent.[93]

Wolfberry leaves may be used to make tea, together with Lycium root bark (called dìgǔpí; 地 骨 皮 in Chinese), for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). A glucopyranoside isolated from wolfberry root bark have inhibitory activity in vitro against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi.[94][95]

Horny goat weed

Further information: Icariin
Further information: PDE5 inhibitor

Horny goat weed (Yin Yang Huo, 淫羊藿) may have use in treating erectile dysfunction.[96] Exploitation of wild populations may have a serious impact on the surrounding environment.[97]

Lily bulb

Lily bulbs (Bai He) are used in TCM to treat dry cough, dry and sore throat, and wheezing.

Chinese Rhubarb

The root of "Chinese rhubarb," or "da huang," (大黄) either Rheum palmatum, or Rheum officinale, is an important herb that is used primarily as a laxative in Chinese Traditional Medicine. The degree of potency depends on how long the root is cooked during preparation after harvesting.[98]

Round cardamon fruit

Round cardamon fruit (Bai Dou Kou) is used in TCM to treat poor appetite, breathing problems, vomiting and diarreahea

Thunder god vine

Thunder god vine is used in TCM to treat arthritis, relieve pain and reduce joint swelling.[99] It can be extremely toxic, if not processed properly[99] If used inappropriately, within two to three hours after ingestion, a patient may begin to have diarrhea, headache, dizziness, severe vomiting (sometimes with blood), chills, high fever, and irregular heart beat. Long term inproper use may result in nervous system damage.

Trichosanthis root

In TCM, Trichosanthis Root (Radix Trichosanthis or Tian Hua Fen in Chinese), is used to clear heat, generate fluids when heat injures fluids causing thirst, in the wasting and thirsting syndrome. The pairing of Tian Hua Fen and Zhi Mu had a faster, stronger and longer effect in reducing blood sugar levels than either herb alone.[77]

Strychnine Tree seed

The seeds of the Strychnine tree, Strychnos nux-vomica, are sometimes used to treat diseases of the respiratory tract, anemia, and geriatric complaints. The active molecule is strychnine, a compound often used as a pesticide.[100] Strychnine can also be used as a medication - however it has an extremely low therapeutic index and better, less toxic replacements are available.[101]

Sweet wormwood

Main article: Artemisia annua
See also: Artemisinin

Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua, Qing Hao) is believed under TCM to treat fever, headache, dizziness, stopping bleeding, and alternating fever and chills.

Sweet wormwood had fallen out of common use under TCM until it was rediscovered in the 1970s when the Chinese Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments (340 AD) was found. This pharmacopeia contained recipes for a tea from dried leaves, prescribed for fevers (not specifically malaria). The plant extracts often used in TCM are antimalarial, due to the presence of artemisinin.[102]

However, it has been questioned as to whether tea made from A. annua is effective against malaria, since artemesinin is not soluble in water and the resulting tea would not be expected to contain any significant amount of artemesinin.[103][104][105]

Willow bark

See also Aspirin

Plants of the genus Salix have been used since the time of Hippocrates (400 BC) when patients were advised to chew on the bark to reduce fever and inflammation. Willow bark has been used throughout the centuries in China and Europe to the present for the treatment of pain (particularly low back pain and osteoarthritis), headache, and inflammatory conditions such as bursitis and tendinitis. The bark of white willow contains salicin, which is a chemical similar to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). It is thought to be responsible for the pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects of the herb. In 1829, salicin was used to develop aspirin. White willow appears to be slower than aspirin to bring pain relief, but its effects may last longer.[106]

Minerals

Arsenic

Further information: Arsenic

Arsenic sulfide (Xiong Huang) is a toxic mineral used in TCM to kill parasitic worms and treat sore throats, swellings, abscesses, itching, rashes, and malaria.[107][108]

Arsenic, while possibly essential for life in tiny amounts, is extremely toxic in the amounts used and arsenic poisoning may result from improper use of arsenic containing remedies.[108] They are most commonly given as a pill or capsule, although are sometimes incorporated into a mixture with other substances.[108]

Lead

Further information: Lead (element)

Galena is used in TCM to treat ringworm, skin disorders and ulcers, and is thought to "detoxify" the body.[109] It is crushed and taken orally or used on the skin.[109] Lead tetroxide (Qian Dan) is used to treat anxiety, itching, and malaria.[107][110][111][112] It is important to note that most lead compounds are extremely toxic.

Mercury

Further information: Mercury poisoning

Cinnabar

Despite its toxicity, mercury sulfide (cinnabar) has historically been used in Chinese medicine, where it is called zhūshā (朱砂), and was highly valued in Chinese Alchemy. It was also referred to as dān (丹), meaning all of Chinese alchemy, cinnabar, and the "elixir of immortality". Cinnabar has been used in Traditional Chinese medicine as a sedative for more than 2000 years, and has been shown to have sedative and toxic effects in mice.[113] In addition to being used for insomnia, cinnabar is thought to be effective for cold sores, sore throat, and some skin infections.[114]

Corrosive sublimate

Mercury(II) chloride (Qing Fen) is used in TCM to "detoxify" the body, kill intestinal parasites, and as a mild tranquilizer.[107][115]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Certain progress of clinical research on Chinese integrative medicine, Keji Chen, Bei Yu, Chinese Medical Journal, 1999, 112 (10), p. 934,
  2. 1 2 Foster & Yue 1992, p.11
  3. ↑ http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/chinese-herbal-medicine
  4. ↑ http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=37410
  5. ↑ http://www.koreantk.com/en/m_about/about_01.jsp?about=1
  6. ↑ http://asiarecipe.com/vietmedicine.html
  7. ↑ http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/10755530152639710
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nie, Jing-Bao (2002). "Confucian Bioethics". Philosophy and Medicine. 61: 167–206. doi:10.1007/0-306-46867-0_7. ISBN 0-7923-5723-X. |chapter= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Regenerative Medicine Using Pregnancy-Specific Biological Substances, Niranjan Bhattacharya, Phillip Stubblefield, ed, p.vi
  10. 1 2 3 Chinese Herbal Medicine: Formulas & Strategies, Volker Scheid, Dan Bensky, Andrew Ellis, Randall Barolet
  11. 1 2 3 4 Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica, Dan Bensky, Steven Clavey, Erich Stoger, Andrew Gamble, Lilian Lai Bensky
  12. 1 2 3 An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica, Jing-Nuan Wu
  13. 1 2 3 A Materia Medica for Chinese Medicine: plants, minerals and animal products, Carl-Herman Hempen
  14. ↑ Ziheche, TCM Treatment
  15. 1 2 3 The Traditional Chinese Medicine Materia Medica Clinical Reference, Peter Holmes (Author), Jing Wang (Author), Heather McIver
  16. ↑ TCM Herb Master List, Healthy Tao Herbs
  17. ↑ "The Treatment of 75 Cases of Pediatric Oral Thrush with the Sweet, Cold, Protecting Yin Method" by Wang Le-ping, Shang Hai Zhong Yi Yao Za Zhi (The Shanghai Journal of Chinese Medicine & Medicinals), #5, 1994, p. 22,
  18. ↑ Profound difference of metabolic pharmacokinetics between pure glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizin in licorice decoction, Yu-Chi Houa, Su-Lan Hsiub, Hui Chingc, Ya-Tze Lind, e, Shang-Yuan Tsaib, Kuo-Ching Wenf and Pei-Dawn Lee Chao, Life Sciences Volume 76, Issue 10, 21 January 2005, Pages 1167-1176,
  19. ↑ Protective effect of irisolidone, a metabolite of kakkalide, against hydrogen peroxide induced cell damage via antioxidant effect, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 16, Issue 3, 1 February 2008, Pages 1133-1141,
  20. ↑ PRELIMINARARY RESEARCH ON THE ANTITUMOR EFFECT AND IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECT OF BIFIDOBACTERIUM ADOLESCENTIS DM8504 STRAIN ON THE MOUSE WITH HEPATOCARCINOMA, Yi Qing;et al , CHINESE JOURNAL OF MICROECOLOGY, CHINESE JOURNAL OF MICROECOLOGY, 1996-02,
  21. ↑ "In traditional Chinese medicine… 0.5 g fresh human feces in a ... volume of 100ml of anaerobic dilution medium", Protective effect of irisolidone, a metabolite of kakkalide, against hydrogen peroxide induced cell damage via antioxidant effect, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 16, Issue 3, 1 February 2008, Pages 1133-1141 , Kyoung Ah Kanga, Rui Zhanga, Mei Jing Piaoa, Dong Ok Koa, Zhi Hong Wanga, Bum Joon Kim
  22. ↑ How scientific is the science in ethnopharmacology? Historical perspectives and epistemological problems, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 122, Issue 2, 18 March 2009, Pages 177-183, Jürg Gertsch
  23. 1 2 Lethal Ingestion of Chinese Herbal Tea Containing Ch'an Su, Western Journal of Medicine, 1996 January; 164(1, pp. 71–75, R J Ko, M S Greenwald, S M Loscutoff, A M Au, B R Appel, R A Kreutzer, W F Haddon, T Y Jackson, F O Boo, and G Presicek,
  24. ↑ The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 274, Atlantic Monthly Co., 1994
  25. ↑ Richard Spencer, On the menu today: horse penis and testicles with a chilli dip, The Telegraph
  26. ↑ Stafford, Charles (1995). The roads of Chinese childhood: learning and identification in Angang. Volume 97 of Cambridge studies in social and cultural anthropology. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-521-46574-5.
  27. ↑ Harding, Andrew (September 23, 2006). "Beijing's penis emporium". BBC. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Deer Penis Loses Favor as China's Olympians Fear Drug Testers". Bloomberg. March 23, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
  29. 1 2 Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology, John Chen and Tina Chen, Art of Medicine Press, ISBN 0-9740635-0-9,
  30. ↑ Herbal Database, Wu Ling Zhi
  31. ↑ Flying Squirrel – Associated Typhus, Infectious Diseases, 2003, Mary G. Reynolds, John W. Krebs, James A. Comer, John W. Sumner, Thomas C. Rushton, Carlos E. Lopez, William L. Nicholson, Jane A. Rooney, Susan E. Lance-Parker, Jennifer H. McQuiston, Christopher D. Paddock, James E. Childs
  32. ↑ Facts about traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): rhinoceros horn, Encucolpedia Britanica,
  33. ↑ "Rhino horn: All myth, no medicine", National Geographic, Rhishja Larson
  34. ↑ "Aphrodisiacs and the Myth of Tiger Penis Magical Cures", Tigerhomes.org
  35. ↑ 2008 report from TRAFFIC
  36. 1 2 3 Snake Oil, Western Journal of Medicine, Aug 1989;151(2):208, R. A. Kunin
  37. 1 2 Fats that Heal: Fats that Kill, Udo Erasmus, 1993, ISBN 0-920470-38-6
  38. ↑ Gecko, Ntritional Wellness
  39. ↑ Chen1, Tien-Hsi; Chang2, Hsien-Cheh; Lue, Kuang-Yang (2009). "Unregulated Trade in Turtle Shells for Chinese Traditional Medicine in East and Southeast Asia: The Case of Taiwan". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 8 (1): 11–18. doi:10.2744/CCB-0747.1.
  40. ↑ "NOVA Online | Kingdom of the Seahorse | Amanda Vincent". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
  41. ↑ Sea Horse, Acupuncture Today.
  42. ↑ Traditional Chinese Medicine and Endangered Animals, Encyclopaedia Britannica Advocacy for Animals.
  43. ↑ "Seahorse Crusader Amanda Vincent" on Nova television show
  44. ↑ Chang et al, Authenticating the use of dried seahorses in the traditional Chinese medicine market in Taiwan using molecular forensics, Journal of Food and Drug Analysis Volume 21, Issue 3 , Pages 310-316, September 2013.
  45. ↑ "Shark Fin Soup: An Eco-Catastrophe?". Sfgate.com. 2003-01-20. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
  46. ↑ An Effective Supplemental Therapy for Cancer, Acupuncture Today, February, 2010, Vol. 11, Issue 02, Haitao Cao
  47. 1 2 Insect derived crude drugs in the Chinese song dynasty, Namba Tsuneo, MA Yong-Hua, Inagaki Kenji, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 24, Issues 2-3, December 1988, Pages 247-285,
  48. 1 2 Centipede, Acupuncture Today
  49. ↑ Lu Feng Fang, Materia Metrica
  50. ↑ Leech, Acupuncture Today
  51. 1 2 Scorpion, Acupuncture Todady
  52. ↑ http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/01.08/01-scorpion.html
  53. ↑ Jones, Kenneth (1990), Reishi: Ancient Herb for Modern Times, Sylvan Press, p. 6.
  54. 1 2 3 http://maciociaonline.blogspot.sg/2012_05_01_archive.html
  55. ↑ http://lsb380.plbio.lsu.edu/Highway%20markers%20folder/Ganoderma.html
  56. 1 2 Reshetnikov SV, Wasser SP, Duckman I, Tsukor K (2000). "Medicinal value of the genus Tremella Pers. (Heterobasidiomycetes) (review)". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 2 (3): 345–67. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v2.i3.10.
  57. 1 2 Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology, by John K. Chen, Tina T. Chen
  58. ↑ "Aconitum in Traditional Chinese, Medicine—A valuable drug or an unpredictable risk?", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 126, Issue 1, 29 October 2009, Judith Singhuber, Ming Zhu, Sonja Prinz, Brigitte Kopp, Pages 18-30
  59. ↑ Yang Tianhui: Notes from My Visit to the Fuzi Growing Area of Zhangming County (Song Dynasty, 1099 CE), , Heiner Fruehauf,
  60. 1 2 "The Importance of Aconite (fuzi)"
  61. ↑ Chan TY (April 2009). "Aconite poisoning". Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 47 (4): 279–85. doi:10.1080/15563650902904407. PMID 19514874.
  62. ↑ Roth, L., Daunderer, M. & Kormann, K. (1994): Giftpflanzen - Pflanzengifte. ISBN 3-933203-31-7.
  63. ↑ Pao Zhi: An Introduction to the Use of Processed Chinese Medicinals, Philippe Sionneau
  64. ↑ Sung, Ying-hsing. T’ien kung k’ai wu. Sung Ying-hsing. 1637. Published as Chinese Technology in the seventeenth century. Translated and annotated by E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun. 1996. Mineola. New York. Dover Publications, p. 267.
  65. ↑ Chavannes, Édouard. "Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux. Pan Tch’ao (32-102 p.C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K’in (112 p.C.). Chapitre LXXVII du Heou Han chou.". 1906. T’oung pao 7, pp. 226-227.
  66. ↑
  67. ↑ http://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/SafetyAlertsAdvisories/ucm096374.htm
  68. ↑ C.-H. Chen, K. G. Dickman, M. Moriya, J. Zavadil, V. S. Sidorenko, K. L. Edwards, D. V. Gnatenko, L. Wu, R. J. Turesky, X.-R. Wu, Y.-S. Pu, A. P. Grollman. Aristolochic acid-associated urothelial cancer in Taiwan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119920109
  69. ↑ "The distribution of minerals and flavonoids in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis)", Il Farmaco, Volume 56, Issues 5-7, 1 July 2001, Lydia Ferrara, Domenico Montesanoa, and Alfonso Senatore, Pages 397-401
  70. ↑
  71. ↑ Chinese Cucumber, Drugs.com
  72. ↑ http://www.koreantk.com/servlet/MedicDetailServlet?cmd=1&med_cd=M0000050&searchGbn=medic&ctrllist=undefined&pagesize=undefined&sorder=undefined&view_type=eng&langType=E
  73. ↑ Xanthium, Acupuncture Today
  74. ↑ Toxicological Risks of Chinese Herbs, Planta Med 2010; 76(17): 2012-2018, Debbie Shaw,
  75. ↑ Croton Seed, Acupuncture Today
  76. ↑ Predictive and preventive toxicology of innovative industrial crops of the spurge (Euphorbiaceae) family, Gminski, Richard; Hecker, Erich, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Volume 23, Number 2, June 1998 , pp. 99-112(14), []
  77. 1 2 http://www.chineseherbacademy.org/articles/dm2.shtml
  78. ↑ Ginger, University of Maryland Medical Center
  79. ↑ Ginkgo, TCM Basics
  80. 1 2 Dubey AK, Shankar PR, Upadhyaya D, Deshpande VY. Ginkgo biloba--an appraisal. Kathmandu University Medical Journal. 2004 Jul-Sep; 2(3): 225-9
  81. ↑
  82. ↑ http://www.aafp.org/afp/20031015/1539.html
  83. ↑ Fugh-Berman, Adriane (2000). "Herb-drug interactions". The Lancet. 355 (9198): 134–138. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06457-0. PMID 10675182.
  84. ↑ Amagase H, Nance DM (May 2008). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study of the general effects of a standardized Lycium barbarum (Goji) Juice, GoChi". J Altern Complement Med. 14 (4): 403–12. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0004. PMID 18447631.
  85. ↑ Daniells S. (October 2008). "Questions raised over Goji science.". NutraIngredients.com-USA.
  86. ↑ Wu SJ, Ng LT, Lin CC (December 2004). "Antioxidant activities of some common ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, Angelica sinensis, Lycium barbarum and Poria cocos". Phytother Res. 18 (12): 1008–12. doi:10.1002/ptr.1617. PMID 15742346.
  87. ↑ Jia YX, Dong JW, Wu XX, Ma TM, Shi AY (June 1998). "[The effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharide on vascular tension in two-kidney, one clip model of hypertension]". Sheng Li Xue Bao (in Chinese). 50 (3): 309–14. PMID 11324572.
  88. ↑ Luo Q, Li Z, Huang X, Yan J, Zhang S, Cai YZ (July 2006). "Lycium barbarum polysaccharides: Protective effects against heat-induced damage of rat testes and H2O2-induced DNA damage in mouse testicular cells and beneficial effect on sexual behavior and reproductive function of hemicastrated rats". Life Sci. 79 (7): 613–21. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.02.012. PMID 16563441.
  89. ↑ Cheng CY, Chung WY, Szeto YT, Benzie IF (January 2005). "Fasting plasma zeaxanthin response to Fructus barbarum L. (wolfberry; Kei Tze) in a food-based human supplementation trial". Br. J. Nutr. 93 (1): 123–30. doi:10.1079/BJN20041284. PMID 15705234.
  90. ↑ Chan HC, Chang RC, Koon-Ching Ip A, et al. (January 2007). "Neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum Lynn on protecting retinal ganglion cells in an ocular hypertension model of glaucoma". Exp. Neurol. 203 (1): 269–73. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.05.031. PMID 17045262.
  91. ↑ Yu MS, Leung SK, Lai SW, et al. (2005). "Neuroprotective effects of anti-aging oriental medicine Lycium barbarum against beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity". Exp. Gerontol. 40 (8-9): 716–27. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2005.06.010. PMID 16139464.
  92. ↑ Gan L, Hua Zhang S, Liang Yang X, Bi Xu H (April 2004). "Immunomodulation and antitumor activity by a polysaccharide-protein complex from Lycium barbarum". Int. Immunopharmacol. 4 (4): 563–9. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.01.023. PMID 15099534.
  93. ↑ He YL, Ying Y, Xu YL, Su JF, Luo H, Wang HF (September 2005). "[Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on tumor microenvironment T-lymphocyte subsets and dendritic cells in H22-bearing mice]". Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao (in Chinese). 3 (5): 374–7. doi:10.3736/jcim20050511. PMID 16159572.
  94. ↑ Lee DG, Park Y, Kim MR, et al. (July 2004). "Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense". Biotechnol. Lett. 26 (14): 1125–30. doi:10.1023/B:BILE.0000035483.85790.f7. PMID 15266117.
  95. ↑ Lee DG, Jung HJ, Woo ER (September 2005). "Antimicrobial property of (+)-lyoniresinol-3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller against human pathogenic microorganisms". Arch. Pharm. Res. 28 (9): 1031–6. doi:10.1007/BF02977397. PMID 16212233.
  96. ↑ Horny Goat Weed, Altmedicine.com
  97. ↑ Epimedium, ChemEurope.com
  98. ↑ Optimized separation of pharmacologically active anthraquinones in Rhubarb by capillary electrochromatography, Yan Li, Huwei Liu, Xiuhong Ji, Junlin Li, ELECTROPHORESIS, Volume 21, Issue 15, pages 3109–3115, 1 September 2000,
  99. 1 2 Lei Gong Teng (Radix Tripterygii Wilfordii): A Blessing or a Time Bomb?, John Chen, PhD, PharmD, OMD, Lac,
  100. ↑ Ma Qian Zi, Chinese Medical Tools, Acupuncture.com
  101. ↑ Materia Medica, Dan Besky, p.1050
  102. ↑ Duke SO, Paul RN (1993). "Development and Fine Structure of the Glandular Trichomes of Artemisia annua L.". Int. J Plant Sci. 154 (1): 107–18. doi:10.1086/297096. JSTOR 2995610.
    Ferreira JF, Janick J (1995). "Floral Morphology of Artemisia annua with Special Reference to Trichomes". Int. J Plant Sci. 156 (6): 807. doi:10.1086/297304.
  103. ↑ Mueller MS, Runyambo, Wagner I; et al. (2004). "Randomized controlled trial of a traditional preparation of Artemisia annua L. (Annual Wormwood) in the treatment of malaria". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 98 (5): 318–21. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2003.09.001. PMID 15109558.
  104. ↑ Räth K, Taxis K, Walz GH, et al. (1 February 2004). "Pharmacokinetic study of artemisinin after oral intake of a traditional preparation of Artemisia annua L. (annual wormwood)". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 70 (2): 128–32. PMID 14993622.
  105. ↑ Jansen FH (2006). "The herbal tea approach for artemesinin as a therapy for malaria?". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 100 (3): 285–6. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.08.004. PMID 16274712.
  106. ↑
  107. 1 2 3 Genuis SJ, Schwalfenberg G, Siy A-KJ, Rodushkin I (2012) Toxic Element Contamination of Natural Health Products and Pharmaceutical Preparations. PLOS ONE 7(11): e49676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049676
  108. 1 2 3 Realgar, Acupuncture Today
  109. 1 2 Galena, Acupuncture Today
  110. ↑ Qian Dan (Minium), TCM Assistant.
  111. ↑ Qian Dan, American Dragon.
  112. ↑ Qian Dan : lead elixir : minium, lead oxide, rootdown.us.
  113. ↑ "Neurotoxicological effects of cinnabar (a Chinese mineral medicine, HgS) in mice", Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Volume 224, Issue 2, 15 October 2007, Chun-Fa Huanga, Shing-Hwa Liua and Shoei-Yn Lin-Shiau, Pages 192-201,
  114. ↑ Cinnabar, Acupuncture Today.
  115. ↑ Mercury and Chinese herbal medicine, H.C. George Wong, MD, BCMJ, Vol. 46, No. 9, November 2004, page(s) 442 Letters.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/7/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.