New Democracy (Greece)

New Democracy
Νέα Δημοκρατία
Abbreviation ND (ΝΔ)
President Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Vice Presidents Kostis Chatzidakis[1]
Adonis Georgiadis[1]
Secretary Lefteris Avgenakis
Spokesperson Giorgos Koumoutsakos
Founder Konstantinos Karamanlis
Founded 4 October 1974 (1974-10-04)
Preceded by National Radical Union
Headquarters 62 Peiraios Street, Moschato, Athens
Youth wing Youth Organisation of New Democracy
Ideology Liberal conservatism[2]
Economic liberalism
Christian democracy[3]
Pro-Europeanism[4]
Political position Centre-right[5]
European affiliation European People's Party
International affiliation Centrist Democrat International
International Democrat Union
European Parliament group European People's Party
Colours      Blue
Parliament
75 / 300
European Parliament
5 / 21
Regional Governors
7 / 13
Website
www.nd.gr

The New Democracy (Greek: Νέα Δημοκρατία, IPA: [ˈnea ðimokraˈtia]), also referred to as ND by its initials, is a liberal-conservative[2][6] political party in Greece. In modern Greek politics, New Democracy has been the main centre-right political party and one of the two major parties along with its historic rival, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). Having spent two and a half years in government under the presidency of Antonis Samaras, New Democracy lost the majority in the Hellenic Parliament and became the major opposition party after the January 2015 legislative election.

The party was founded in 1974 by Konstantinos Karamanlis and in the same year it formed the first cabinet of the Third Hellenic Republic. New Democracy is a member of the European People's Party, the Centrist Democrat International and the International Democrat Union.

History

Foundation

Konstantinos Karamanlis, founder of New Democracy.

New Democracy was founded on 4 October 1974 by Konstantinos Karamanlis, in the beginning of the metapolitefsi era following the fall of the Greek military junta. Karamanlis, who had already served as Prime Minister of Greece from 1955 to 1963, was sworn in as the first Prime Minister of the Third Hellenic Republic in a national unity government on 24 July 1974, until the first free elections of the new era. He intended New Democracy to be a more modern and progressive political party than the right-wing parties that ruled Greece before the 1967 Greek coup d'état, including his own National Radical Union (ERE). The party's ideology was defined as "radical liberalism", a term defined as "the prevalence of free market rules with the decisive intervention of the state in favour of social justice."

In government (1974–1981)

In the 1974 legislative election, New Democracy obtained a massive parliamentary majority of 220 seats with a record 54.37% of the vote, a result attributed to the personal appeal of Karamanlis to the electorate. Karamanlis was elected as Prime Minister and soon decided to hold a referendum on 8 December 1974 for the issue of the form of government; with a large majority of 69.17%, monarchy was eventually abolished in favour of a republic. The next major issue for the New Democracy cabinet was the creation of the Constitution of Greece, which entered into force in 1975 and established Greece as a parliamentary republic. On 12 June 1975, Greece applied to join the European Communities, of which it was already an associate member since 1961, while it had already been readmitted to the Council of Europe on 28 November 1974.

In the 1977 election, New Democracy won again a large parliamentary majority of 171 seats, albeit with a reduced percentage of popular vote (41.84%). Under Karamanlis, Greece redefined its relations with NATO and tried to resolve the Cyprus dispute following the Turkish invasion of the island. In 1979, the first conference of the party was held in Chalkidiki, where its ideological principles defined under the term "radical liberalism" were unanimously approved, as well as its statute and the operating regulations of its organizations.[7] It was the first conference of any Greek political party whose delegates were elected by the members.[7]

Karamanlis' vision concerning the accession of Greece into the European Communities, despite the resolute opposition of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) and the Communist Party of Greece (KKE),[8] led to the signing of the Treaty of Accession on 28 May 1979 in Athens; following the ratification of the act by the Hellenic Parliament on 28 June 1979, Greece became the tenth member state of the European Communities on 1 January 1981. Karamanlis was criticised by opposing parties for not holding a referendum,[9] even though Greece's accession into the European Communities had been in the forefront of New Democracy's political platform, under which the party had been elected to power.[9] Meanwhile, Karamanlis relinquished the premiership in 1980 and was elected as President of Greece by the parliament, serving until 1985. Georgios Rallis was elected as the new leader of New Democracy and succeeded Karamanlis in premiership.

Opposition and Mitsotakis' rise to power

Under the leadership of Georgios Rallis, New Democracy was defeated in the 1981 legislative elections by Andreas Papandreou's PASOK which ran on a left-wing populist platform, and was placed in opposition for a first time with 35.87% share of the vote and 115 seats. In the same day, on 18 October 1981, New Democracy was also defeated in the first Greek election to the European Parliament. In the following December, the party's parliamentary group elected Evangelos Averoff, former Minister for National Defence, as president of New Democracy, but he resigned in 1984 due to health problems. On 1 September 1984, Konstantinos Mitsotakis succeeded him in the party's presidency and he managed to increase its percentage in the 1985 elections to 40.85%, although it was defeated again and remained in opposition.

Konstantinos Mitsotakis and Süleyman Demirel, Prime Ministers of Greece and Turkey respectively, in the 1992 World Economic Forum.

Mitsotakis led New Democracy to a clear win in the June 1989 legislative elections registering 44.28% of the vote but, due to the modification of the electoral law by the outbound PASOK government, New Democracy obtained only 145 seats which were not enough to form a government on its own. The aftermath was the formation of a coalition government under Tzannis Tzannetakis, consisted of New Democracy and Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos), with the latter also including at the time the Communist Party of Greece. In the subsequent elections of November 1989, New Democracy took one more comfortable win, increasing its share to 46.19% of the vote and 148 seats but, under the same electoral law, they were still short of forming a government and this led to a national unity government along with PASOK and Synaspismos, under Xenophon Zolotas.

Eventually, in the 1990 election Mitsotakis' New Democracy defeated once again Papandreou's PASOK with a lead of 8.28%, but this time the 46.89% of votes awarded them with 150 seats, which allowed Mitsotakis to form a majority in the parliament with the support of Democratic Renewal's (DIANA) sole member of parliament and one more seat given by the Supreme Special Court, after a mistake in seat calculation was detected. After three consecutive wide wins with high vote percentages, Mitsotakis became the 178th Prime Minister of Greece, though with a slim parliamentary majority of 152 seats due to the electoral law in force at the time.

In a turbulent international political environment following the 1989 Fall of Communism in Europe, Mitsotakis' government focused on cutting government spending, the privatization of state enterprises, the reformation of the public administration and the restoration of the original electoral system, with the addition of an election threshold of 3%. In foreign policy, the priorities were the restoration of confidence among Greece's economic and political partners, NATO and the United States. Mitsotakis also supported a new dialogue with Turkey on the Cyprus dispute and a compromise over the Macedonia naming dispute; the latter triggered an irritation among the MPs of New Democracy, which led Antonis Samaras to leave it and form a new political party in June 1993, Political Spring; one more withdrawal later from its parliamentary group resulted in New Democracy's loss of the majority in the parliament and the call of early elections.

Since 1993

In the 1993 elections, New Democracy suffered an easy defeat with 39.30% of the vote, something that led to Mitsotakis' resignation and the election of Miltiadis Evert in the party's leadership. In the early 1996 legislative election, New Democracy was defeated again by Costas Simitis' PASOK registering 38.12%, but Evert obtained a re-election as the party's leader in the same year. However, in the spring of 1997 a new conference took place, in order to elect a new president among others. Kostas Karamanlis, nephew of the party's founder, was elected the sixth president of New Democracy.

Under Karamanlis, New Democracy experienced an evident increase in popularity, but in the 2000 elections they lost by only 1.06% of the popular vote, the smallest margin in modern Greek history, registering 42.74% and obtaining 125 seats in the parliament. By 2003, New Democracy was consistently leading Simitis' PASOK in opinion polls; in January 2004 Simitis resigned and announced elections for 7 March, while George Papandreou succeeded him in PASOK's leadership. Despite speculation that Papandreou would succeed in restoring the party's fortunes, in the 2004 election Karamanlis managed to take a clear win with 45.36% of the vote and 165 seats, and New Democracy returned to power after eleven years in opposition, scoring an all-time record of 3,359,682 votes in the history of Greek elections.

Support

Kostas Karamanlis giving an interview at a 2008 EPP summit

The regions that consistently support New Democracy include the Peloponnese, Central Macedonia and West Macedonia. On the other hand, the party is weak in Crete, the Aegean Islands, Attica and West Greece.

2007 re-election

On 16 September 2007, Kostas Karamanlis won re-election with a diminished majority in Parliament, and stated: "Thank you for your trust. You have spoken loud and clear and chosen the course the country will take in the next few years." George Papandreou, PASOK, accepted defeat (New Democracy party with 41.84%, and opposition party PASOK had 38.1%).[10]

2009 defeat

Political campaign of party New Democracy before the European Parliament election in Greece in 2009.
Kiosk of political party in Athens in 2009.

On 2 September 2009 Karamanlis announced his intention to call an election, although one was not required until September 2011.[11] The parliament was dissolved on 9 September, and the 2009 legislative election was held on 4 October. New Democracy's share of the parliamentary vote dropped to 33.47% (down by 8.37%) and they won only 91 of 300 seats, dropping by 61 since the last election.[12] The rival PASOK soared to 43.92% (up 5.82%), and took 160 seats (up 58).[12] The 33.5% tally marked a historic low for the party since its founding in 1974.[13] Karamanlis conceded defeat and stated that he would resign as a leader of New Democracy, and would not stand as a candidate at the next party election.[14] Two former Ministers for Foreign Affairs, Dora Bakoyannis and Antonis Samaras, as well as Thessaloniki Prefect Panagiotis Psomiadis were announced as candidates,[15] with Samaras being the favorite to win.[16]

On 29 November 2009, Antonis Samaras was elected the new leader of New Democracy by the party base at the 2009 leadership election.[17] Following early results showing Samaras in the lead, his main rival Dora Bakoyannis conceded defeat and congratulated Samaras for his election;[18] later she left New Democracy to found her own party, Democratic Alliance. Samaras himself had also left New Democracy in 1992 because of his hard stance on the Macedonia naming dispute and found his own party, Political Spring; he returned to New Democracy in 2004.[19]

Government debt crisis

Structure of the June 2012 Hellenic Parliament with New Democracy winning 129 seats.

New Democracy was in opposition during the first phase (2009–11) of the Greek government debt crisis which included the First bailout package agreed in May 2010. The party did not support the first EU/IMF rescue package of May 2010 and the three related austerity packages of March 2010, May 2010 and June 2011.[20][21][22] Further measures were agreed by prime minister George Papandreou with the EU and private banks and insurers on 27 October 2011. The aim was to complete negotiations by the end of the year and put in place a full Second bailout package to supplement the one agreed in May 2010.[23] Samaras initially blasted the deal.[24] In reality New Democracy had dismissed cross-party agreement even before the deal was agreed.[25]

A few days later, Papandreou announced a surprise referendum.[26] During the frantic negotiations that followed, Samaras offered to support the austerity package he had initially condemned if Papandreou resigned and an interim government be appointed to lead the country to elections early in the new year.[27]

The referendum was never held, and Papandreou resigned in early November 2011. New Democracy supported the new national unity government headed by Lucas Papademos; however the party's support for austerity appeared lukewarm at first.[28][29]

Within a few days, party officials spoke of "renegotiating" existing agreements with the EU and IMF.[30] EU partners requested that Samaras sign a letter committing him to the terms of the rescue package, in what was seen as an effort to keep the nationalist elements of his party happy. Samaras argued that his word should be enough and that the demand for a written commitment was "humiliating".[31] Both Papademos and the EU insisted on a written commitment. New Democracy repeated its call for new elections.[32] Samaras was said to be infuriating European leaders by only partly backing the international reform programme.[33] A meeting of Eurozone's Finance Ministers was postponed in February 2012, when it became apparent that not all the main political parties were willing to pledge to honour the conditions demanded in return for the rescue package; a day later Samaras reversed course and wrote to the European Commission and IMF, promising to implement the austerity measures if his party were to win a general election in April.[34] German finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble suggested postponing the election and setting up a small technocratic cabinet like Italy’s to run Greece for the next two years.[34]

2015 election

In its electoral campaign for the January 2015 legislative election, Samaras promised to continue with his plan to exit the bailout and return to growth by further privatizations, a corporate tax rate reduced to 15 percent and a recapitalization of Greece's banks.[35] The party received a total of 747,214 € of state funding, the largest share of all political parties in Greece.[36] New Democracy during its rule introduced a strict immigration policy, and proposed strengthening this policy as part of its political agenda.[37]

International affiliation

New Democracy is a member of the European People's Party, the largest European political party since 1999, and its MEPs sit with the EPP Group in the European Parliament. Internationally, New Democracy is a member of the Centrist Democrat International,[38] and the International Democrat Union.[39]

Electoral performance

Hellenic Parliament

Election Leader Votes % # Seats Gov't
1974 Konstantinos Karamanlis 2,669,133 54.37 1st
220 / 300
1977 Konstantinos Karamanlis 2,146,365 41.84 1st
171 / 300
1981 Georgios Rallis 2,034,496 35.88 2nd
115 / 300
1985 Constantine Mitsotakis 2,599,681 40.84 2nd
126 / 300
Jun 1989 Constantine Mitsotakis 2,887,488 44.28 1st
145 / 300
Nov 1989 Constantine Mitsotakis 3,093,479 46.19 1st
148 / 300
1990 Constantine Mitsotakis 3,088,137 46.89 1st
150 / 300
1993 Constantine Mitsotakis 2,711,737 39.30 2nd
111 / 300
1996 Miltiadis Evert 2,586,089 38.12 2nd
108 / 300
2000 Kostas Karamanlis 2,935,196 42.74 2nd
125 / 300
2004 Kostas Karamanlis 3,360,424 45.36 1st
165 / 300
2007 Kostas Karamanlis 2,994,979 41.84 1st
152 / 300
2009 Kostas Karamanlis 2,295,967 33.47 2nd
91 / 300
May 2012 Antonis Samaras 1,192,103 18.85 1st
108 / 300
Jun 2012 Antonis Samaras 1,825,497 29.66 1st
129 / 300
Jan 2015 Antonis Samaras 1,718,694 27.81 2nd
76 / 300
Sep 2015 Vangelis Meimarakis 1,526,205 28.10 2nd
75 / 300

European Parliament

European Parliament
Election Votes % ±pp Seats won +/− Rank Leader
1981 1,779,462 31.3% New
8 / 24
 Increase8 #2 Georgios Rallis
1984 2,266,568 38.1% Increase6.8
9 / 24
 Increase1 #2 Evangelos Averoff
1989 2,647,215 40.5% Increase2.4
10 / 24
 Increase1 #1 Constantine Mitsotakis
1994 2,133,372 32.7% Decrease7.8
9 / 25
 Decrease1 #2 Miltiadis Evert
1999 2,314,371 36.0% Increase3.3
9 / 25
 ±0 #1 Kostas Karamanlis
2004A 2,633,961 43.0% Increase4.7
11 / 24
 Increase2 #1 Kostas Karamanlis
2009 1,655,636 32.3% Decrease10.7
8 / 22
 Decrease3 #2 Kostas Karamanlis
2014 1,298,713 22.7% Decrease9.6
5 / 21
 Decrease3 #2 Antonis Samaras

B 2004 results are compared to the combined totals for ND and POLAN totals in the 1999 election.

Party leaders

# Leader Portrait Term of office Prime Minister
1 Konstantinos G. Karamanlis 4 October 1974 8 May 1980 1974–1980
2 Georgios Rallis 8 May 1980 December 1981 1980–1981
3 Evangelos Averoff December 1981 1 September 1984 —
4 Konstantinos Mitsotakis 1 September 1984 3 November 1993 (Tzannetakis 1989)
1990–1993
5 Miltiadis Evert 3 November 1993 21 March 1997 —
6 Konstantinos A. Karamanlis 21 March 1997 30 November 2009 2004–2009
7 Antonis Samaras 30 November 2009 5 July 2015 2012–2015
– Vangelis Meimarakis
(interim)		 5 July 2015 24 November 2015 —
– Ioannis Plakiotakis
(interim)		 24 November 2015 11 January 2016 —
8 Kyriakos Mitsotakis[40] 11 January 2016 Incumbent —

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Kostis Hatzidakis and Adonis Georgiadis appointed New Democracy VPs". To Vima. 18 January 2016.
  2. 1 2 José M. Magone (2003). The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration Into the European Union. Praeger. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-275-97787-0.
  3. ↑ Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero (11 June 2011). Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 320. ISBN 978-3-642-19519-8.
  4. ↑ Kalaitzidis, Akis (2009), Europe's Greece: A Giant in the Making, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 29
  5. ↑ Robert Thomson (2011). Resolving Controversy in the European Union: Legislative Decision-Making before and after Enlargement. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-139-50517-8.
  6. ↑ Derek W. Urwin (2014). The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration Since 1945. Routledge. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-317-89252-6.
  7. 1 2 "History". New Democracy official website (in Greek). Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  8. ↑ "The accession of Greece". CVCE. 11 September 2012. p. 2. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  9. 1 2 Lauth Bacas, Jutta (2004). Ethnologia Balkanica. LIT Verlag. p. 8.
  10. ↑ Yahoo.com, Prime minister's party wins Greek vote
  11. ↑ Carassava, Anthee (3 September 2009). "Greek Premier, Dogged by Many Troubles, Takes Risk With Snap Elections". The New York Times.
  12. 1 2 "National elections, October 2009". Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  13. ↑ Becatoros, Elena (4 October 2009). "Socialists Trounce Conservatives in Greek Elections". The Huffington Post.
  14. ↑ Smith, Helena (5 October 2009). "Greek socialists achieve resounding win in snap election". The Guardian.
  15. ↑ "ND heads for tense election showdown". Kathimerini. 28 November 2009. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.
  16. ↑ "Samaras keeps lead in ND race". Kathimerini. 23 November 2009. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  17. ↑ "Καθαρή νίκη Σαμαρά (Clear victory of Samaras)". Ta Nea (in Greek). 30 November 2009.
  18. ↑ "Σαμαράς: "Νικήσαμε όλοι. Δεν υπάρχουν ηττημένοι" (Samaras: "We all won, there are no losers")". Ta Nea (in Greek). 29 November 2009.
  19. ↑ Tagaris, Karolina (4 November 2011). "Greek opposition leader's U-turn opens path to power". Reuters.
  20. ↑ "Greek parliament approves bill with austerity measures despite protest". Xinhua News Agency. 6 March 2010.
  21. ↑ Smith, Helena (6 May 2010). "Greece approves sweeping austerity measures". The Guardian.
  22. ↑ Donadio, Rachel; Kitsantonis, Niki (30 June 2011). "Greek Parliament Approves Implementation of Austerity Plan". The New York Times.
  23. ↑ "Eurozone leaders, bankers agree 50 pct haircut for Greece". Ekathimerini. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  24. ↑ "Stocks up, but ND blasts debt deal". Ekathimerini. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  25. ↑ "Cross-party support appears unlikely". Ekathimerini. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  26. ↑ "Papandreou calls for referendum on EU debt deal". Ekathimerini. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  27. ↑ "Samaras: Our proposal is still on the table". Ekathimerini. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  28. ↑ "Samaras gives limited support to 'transitional' gov't". Ekathimerini. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  29. ↑ "Greece's politicians: In their own time". The Economist. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  30. ↑ "ND takes more offensive stance". Ekathimerini. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  31. ↑ "Samaras ousts MP over 'far-right' comments". Ekathimerini. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  32. ↑ "Greece's government: Divided they stand". The Economist. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  33. ↑ "Charlemagne: Angela the lawgiver". The Economist. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  34. 1 2 "Greece and the euro: From tragedy to farce". The Economist. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  35. ↑ "Elections 2015 Party Profiles". 21 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  36. ↑ "Elections 2015 Facts & Figures". 21 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  37. ↑ Nick Malkoutzis (30 March 2012). "Is immigration a bigger issue for Greece than the economy?". Kathimerini. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  38. ↑ "Parties". Centrist Democrat International. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  39. ↑ "Member parties". International Democrat Union. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  40. ↑ "Kyriakos Mitsotakis elected as leader of Greek centre-right party". the Guardian and Reuters in Athens. 10 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
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