Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45

Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45
Author Howard Kippenberger (Editor-in-Chief 1945–1957)
Monty C. Fairbrother (Editor-in-Chief 1957–1963)
Numerous principal authors
Country New Zealand
Language English
Subject Military history of New Zealand in World War II
Genre Military history
Publisher War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs
Publication date
 1949–1986

The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 is a 48-volume series published by the War History Branch (and its successors) of the Department of Internal Affairs which covered New Zealand involvement in the Second World War. The series was published during the period 1949 to 1986. A collection of booklets entitled Episodes and Studies were also published between 1948 and 1954. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 was the largest publication project undertaken in New Zealand.

Background

It had long been felt in New Zealand that the four-volume 'popular' history of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, the Official History of New Zealand's Effort in the Great War which had been published a few years after the First World War ended, had not matched the standard set by the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, edited by Charles Bean. In 1940, with a view to the production of an official history of New Zealand's contributions to the Second World War, an archivist was appointed to the headquarters of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) to ensure the preservation of important documentation and records.[1] He was joined by Eric McCormick, a published literary and art historian, in 1941.[2] After he became aware of the progress made on the Australian official history, McCormick pushed for progress on New Zealand's own efforts in this regard. By 1944, the New Zealand government had decided to appoint an Official Historian who would be Editor-in-Chief of an official history which would not only cover the military contribution to the war effort, but also the efforts of the New Zealand people.[1]

McCormick was recalled to New Zealand from 2NZEF headquarters and appointed Official War Archivist. He set about collecting and cataloging documents necessary for the official history. To produce the official history, an appropriate organisation was required[1] and accordingly the War History Branch (later to become the Historical Publications Branch) of the Department of Internal Affairs was established in 1945. McCormick would run the War History Branch until an Editor-in-Chief was appointed.[3]

To head up the War History Branch, Major General Howard Kippenberger was approached in April 1945. A former commander of the 2nd New Zealand Division, he had been identified the previous year by New Zealand's prime minister, Peter Fraser, as being the ideal candidate for the position. Kippenberger, a keen student of military history, was working in England on the repatriation of former prisoners of war to New Zealand when the position was first offered. Although he accepted the offer, he did not return to New Zealand to start work on his new role until mid 1946.[4]

Preparation of the series

The principle of the official histories was to tell the story of New Zealand at war. This involved a multifaceted approach covering the armed services, the battles in which they fought as well as the civilians contributing on the home front.[5] The plan for the official histories, based on a proposal by McCormick,[4] was to encompass three main series, plus three volumes of documents. The first was a series on the New Zealand People at War, which covered politics, diplomacy, economy, the home front, medical, navy and air force operations. The second was a series of histories for the units of the 2NZEF that fought in the African and Italian theatres (the units that fought in the Pacific were already the subject of unofficial unit histories commissioned by the commanding officer of the 3rd New Zealand Division, Harold Barrowclough). The third was a series of campaign histories, covering the major campaigns in which the 2NZEF fought. A series of booklets, entitled Episodes and Studies aimed at general readers was also planned.[1]

A conference at the War History Branch in relation to the 2NZEF unit histories. Attendees include Chief Archivist Eric McCormick (left foreground, with cigarette) and Editor-in-Chief Major-General Howard Kippenberger (speaking, at right), 5 July 1946

Using documentation archived to date, and material solicited from the public, professional historians at the War History Branch prepared brief narratives. There was also interaction with war historians of other countries who were working on their own official histories.[6]

Authors were then contracted to produce each volume based on the narratives prepared by the War History Branch. Many of the authors had recently served with the 2NZEF, and included a former commanding officer of Kippeneberger, Sir Edward Puttick, as well as William George Stevens, administrative officer of the 2NZEF. Other potential authors were journalists, such as Stephen Peter Llewellyn, or academics. Kippenberger had informally started the recruitment process for writers while he was still based in England, sounding out Dan Davin and Geoffrey Cox as potential authors. Davin would produce the campaign volume on Battle of Crete[7] while Cox started work on an account of the Libyan Campaign but had to later drop it to pursue his own career.[8] Staff were poorly paid, with many going several years without a salary increase.[9]

Kippenberger set a high standard for the official histories; as well as disavowing any censorship, he diligently read every draft of every volume produced under his editorship, providing extensive feedback to the authors. Despite stressing the need for objectivity, he had to struggle with his own views on battles in which he had been personally involved. The volume on the Battle of Crete proved to be particularly difficult to produce, and he struggled with the critical analysis of the leadership of some of his personal friends during the battle.[10] Leslie Andrew, former commander of the 22nd Battalion, was one who took offence at the account of his handling of the battle.[8]

The official histories had on occasion been threatened with political interference, particularly with the change in government in 1949. Kippenberger, a person of high standing with both the government and the ordinary New Zealander, was a strong advocate for the project, and was able to convince the new government of the merits of the official histories.[11] Other problems arose when authors were unable to complete their contracted volumes due to other commitments, poor health or one case, death. It was often necessary for the War History Branch staff to step in and complete the outstanding work.[12]

When Kippenberger died in 1957, his position as editor in chief was taken over by Monty Fairbrother, who had previously been associate editor of the War History Branch.[13] By 1963 staff numbers at the War History Branch had fallen to 7, from its peak of 50 in 1946. The branch would soon be re-designated as the Historical Publications Branch.[3]

Public and governmental interest in the project faded after Kippenberger's death. Although most volumes had been published by 1960, it was not until 1986 that the final two volumes as originally planned, relating to the Home Front in New Zealand, were published. With a total of 48 volumes and 24 booklets, the Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 was the largest publishing project ever undertaken in New Zealand.[1]

Volumes

Unit histories of 2 NZEF

The size of New Zealand's military contribution was such that it favoured the production of battalion, and in some cases, company level unit histories. By 1946, some units had already begun work on unofficial histories. When Kippenberger became Editor-in-Chief, he met with all the senior former commanding officers of each unit to ensure a co-ordinated approach to each unit history.[14] Each serving member of a unit, or the next of kin of a member who had died in service with the unit, received a copy of the official history of the unit.[15]

Campaign histories

The New Zealand People at War

Documents

Episodes and studies

"Episodes and studies" was a series of 36 page booklets with a focus on certain aspects of New Zealand's war efforts. These were intended for the wider public and were often provided to secondary schools.[14]

Reception

The series was well received by the public and each volume usually sold out. Dan Davin's Crete had a print run of 4,000 when published in 1953 and promptly sold out.[11] Some volumes received critical praise; Journey Towards Christmas, one of the earliest volumes published, was particularly singled out for its narrative style. Its author, journalist Peter Llewellyn, was contracted to produce another volume but slow progress resulted in the cancellation of his contract. [16] Other volumes were thought to be turgid and stilted.[1] Since 1993, some volumes have been reissued by Willson Scott Publishing and The Battery Press, with the co-operation of the Department of Internal Affairs.[17][18]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 McGibbon 2000, pp. 400–401.
  2. ↑ McEldowney 2000, p. 308.
  3. 1 2 McGibbon 2000, p. 588.
  4. 1 2 McLean 2008, pp. 292–293.
  5. ↑ McLean 2008, p. 299.
  6. ↑ McLean 2008, p. 300.
  7. ↑ McLean 2008, p. 301.
  8. 1 2 McLean 2008, pp. 307–308.
  9. ↑ McLean 2008, p. 312.
  10. ↑ McLean 2008, pp. 301–303.
  11. 1 2 McLean 2008, p. 306.
  12. ↑ McLean 2008, p. 313.
  13. ↑ McGibbon 2000, p. 163.
  14. 1 2 McLean 2008, p. 298.
  15. ↑ McLean 2008, pp. 313–314.
  16. ↑ McGibbon 2000, p. 280.
  17. ↑ "Official History: The Pacific". Willson Scott Publishing. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  18. ↑ "Official History: Royal New Zealand Air Force". Willson Scott Publishing. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2013.

References

  • McEldowney, Dennis (2000). "McCormick, Eric Hall 1906–1995". In Orange, Claudia. The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. V. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-224-2. 
  • McGibbon, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-558376-0. 
  • McLean, Denis (2008). Howard Kippenberger: Dauntless Spirit. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House. ISBN 978-1-86979-026-4. 
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