Park Lane

This article is about the road in London. For other uses, see Park Lane (disambiguation).
Park Lane

Looking north on Park Lane. Hyde Park is to the left; the Grosvenor House Hotel to the right.
Part of A4202
Namesake Hyde Park, London
Maintained by Transport for London
Length 0.7 mi (1.1 km)
Location City of Westminster, Central London
Postal code W1
Nearest tube station
Coordinates 51°30′32″N 0°09′18″W / 51.508888°N 0.155129°W / 51.508888; -0.155129Coordinates: 51°30′32″N 0°09′18″W / 51.508888°N 0.155129°W / 51.508888; -0.155129
Construction
Inauguration 1741
Other
Known for

Park Lane is a major road in the City of Westminster, in Central London. It is part of the London Inner Ring Road and runs from Hyde Park Corner in the south to Marble Arch in the north. It separates Hyde Park to the west from Mayfair to the east. The road has a number of historically important properties and hotels and has been one of the most sought after streets in London, despite being a major traffic thoroughfare.

The road was originally a simple country lane on the boundary of Hyde Park, separated by a brick wall. Aristocratic properties appeared during the late 18th century, including Breadalbene House, Somerset House and Londonderry House. The road grew in popularity during the 19th century after improvements to Hyde Park Corner and more affordable views of the park, which attracted the nouveau riche to the street and led to it becoming one of the most fashionable roads to live on in London. Notable residents included the 1st Duke of Westminster's residence at Grosvenor House, the Dukes of Somerset at Somerset House and the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli at No. 93. Other historic properties include Dorchester House, Brook House and Dudley House. In the 20th century, Park Lane became well known for its luxury hotels, particularly The Dorchester, completed in 1931, which became closely associated with eminent writers and international film stars. Flats and shops began appearing on the road, including penthouse flats. Several buildings suffered damage during World War II, yet the road still attracted significant development, including the Park Lane Hotel and the London Hilton on Park Lane, and several sports car garages. A number of properties on the road today are owned by some of the wealthiest businessmen from the Middle East and Asia. Current residents include business mogul Mohamed Al-Fayed and former council leader Dame Shirley Porter.

The road has suffered from traffic congestion since the mid 19th century. Various road improvement schemes have taken place since then, including a major reconstruction programme in the early 1960s that transformed the road into a three-lane dual carriageway by removing a 20-acre (8.1 ha) section of Hyde Park. Improved crossings for cyclists appeared in the early 21st century. Despite the changes, property prices along the road are still among the highest in London. Its prestigious status has been commemorated by being the second-most expensive property square on the London Monopoly board.

Location

Park Lane is about 0.7 miles (1.1 km) long, and runs north from Hyde Park Corner to Marble Arch, along the eastern flank of Hyde Park. To its east is Mayfair. The road is a primary route, classified A4202.[1][2]

The street is one of the key bus corridors in Central London. It is used by London bus routes 2, 10, 16, 36, 73, 74, 82, 137, 148, 414, 436[2] and night bus routes N16, N73, N74 and N137.[3] The nearest tube stations are Hyde Park Corner on the Piccadilly line near the street's southern end and Marble Arch on the Central line near its northern end.[2] At Brook Gate, partway along the road, there is a traffic signal controlled pedestrian and cycle crossing connecting Hyde Park to London Cycle Route 39 the recommended cycling route from the park to the West End.[4]

History

18th century

What is now Park Lane was originally a track running along farm boundaries.[5] When Hyde Park was opened in the 16th century, the lane ran north-south along eastern boundary from Piccadilly to Marble Arch.[6]

In the 18th century, it was known as Tyburn Lane and was separated from the park by a high wall with few properties along it aside from a short terrace of houses approximately where now are Nos. 93–99.[6] Tyburn Lane took its name from the former Tyburn village which had declined in the 14th century. The Tyburn gallows, or Tyburn Tree, at the end of what is now Park Lane, was London's primary public place of execution until 1783.[7] Author Charles Knight wrote in 1843, by 1738 "nearly the whole space between Piccadilly and Oxford Street was covered with buildings as far as Tyburn Lane, except in the south-western corner about Berkeley Square and Mayfair".[7]

In 1741, the Kensington Turnpike Trust took over its maintenance, as coach traffic caused wear on the road surface.[8] Breadalbene House was built on the street in 1776.[6] On the corner with Oxford Street, Somerset House (No. 40), built in 1769–70, was successively the town house of Warren Hastings, a former Governor-General of India, the third Earl of Rosebery, and the Dukes of Somerset.[8] The politician and entrepreneur Richard Sharp, also known as "Conversation Sharp", lived at No. 28.[lower-alpha 1][9]

Londonderry House, 19 Park Lane, circa 1900.

In the 1760s, Londonderry House, on the corner of Park Lane and Hertford Street, was bought by the Sixth Earl of Holdernesse. He purchased the adjacent property and converted the buildings into one mansion, which was known for a period as Holdernesse House.[10] In 1819, Londonderry House was bought by The Rt. Hon. The 1st Baron Stewart, a British aristocrat, and later, during World War I, the house was used as a military hospital.[11] After the war, Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, and his wife, Edith Helen Chaplin, continued to use the house and entertained there extensively. After World War II, the house remained in the possession of the Londonderry family, until it was sold to make way for the 29-storey London Hilton, which opened on Park Lane in 1963.[12][13][14]

19th century

The facade to Grosvenor House viewed from Park Lane in the early 19th century. The Grosvenor House Hotel now occupies this location.

The street was not particularly significant until 1820, when Decimus Burton constructed Hyde Park Corner at the lane's southern edge, coinciding with Benjamin Dean Wyatt's reconstruction of Londonderry House and Apsley House.[6][8] At the same time, the entrances to Hyde Park at Stanhope, Grosvenor and Cumberland Gates were refurbished, and the park's boundary wall was replaced with iron railings. Park Lane subsequently became an in-demand residential address, offering views across Hyde Park and a position at the most fashionable western edge of London.[6] No. 93, at the junction of Park Lane and Upper Grosvenor Street, was built between 1823 and 1825 by Samuel Baxter. The British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli lived at the house from 1839 to 1872. In 1845, a house on Park Lane was advertised as "one of the most recherché in London".[8]

A blue plaque at 90 Park Lane, marking the residence of Moses Montefiore, who lived there for over 60 years.

Much of the land to the east of Park Lane was owned by the Grosvenor Estate, whose policy was to construct large family homes attracting the nouveau riche to the area.[15] The road became lined with some of the largest privately-owned mansions in London, including the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House (replaced by the Grosvenor House Hotel) and the Holford family's Dorchester House (demolished in 1929 and replaced in 1931 with The Dorchester) and the Marquess of Londonderry's Londonderry House.[8] The philanthropist Moses Montefiore lived at No. 90 for over 60 years, and a blue plaque marks its location.[16]

Brook House, at No. 113 Park Lane, was built in 1870 by T. H. Wyatt.[15] It later became the residence of Lord Louis Mountbatten and his wife Edwina.[17] Aldford House was constructed in 1897 for the South African diamond millionaire Sir Alfred Beit.[15] Another diamond mining magnate, Sir Joseph Robinson owned and lived at Dudley House at No. 100.[18]

20th century

Buildings at the north end of Park Lane

The character of Park Lane moved away from prestigious houses in the early 20th century, as residents began to complain about motor traffic and the noises from buses. The first flats were built on Nos. 139–140 in 1915 despite local opposition, with shops following soon after. However, buildings were redeveloped to allow penthouse flats, which became popular.[8] The politician and art collector Philip Sassoon lived at No. 25 in the 1920s and 30s and held an extensive collection of objects at his house.[19] Dancing partners Fred and Adele Astaire moved into a penthouse flat at No. 41 in 1923, and stayed there during their theatrical appearances at London's West End. The couple were courted by the social scene in London and enjoyed dancing at Grosvenor House.[20] The black market fraudster Sidney Stanley lived on Park Lane in the 1940s, and became known as "the Pole of Park Lane".[21]

The Dorchester opened in 1931 and still retains its Art Deco style.

The Marriott London Park Lane, at No. 140 Park Lane, opened in 1919.[22] The site was once occupied by Somerset House and Camelford House. The site also occupies No. 138 Park Lane which was featured as a Home Guard Headquarters in the film The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp. The Park Lane Hotel was built in 1927, designed by the architects Adie, Button and Partners. Despite its name, its official address is on Piccadilly and overlooks Green Park rather than Hyde Park.[23]

The Dorchester, designed by Sir Owen Williams, opened on Park Lane in 1931. With the development of the hotel, concerns were raised at the time that Park Lane would soon become New York City's Fifth Avenue.[24] The Dorchester quickly gained reputation as a luxury hotel and one of the most prestigious buildings on the road.[25] During the 1930s it became known as a haunt of numerous writers and artists such as poet Cecil Day-Lewis, novelist Somerset Maugham, and the painter Sir Alfred Munnings, and it became known for its distinguished literary gatherings, including "Foyles Literary Luncheons", an event the hotel still hosts.[26][27][28] From World War II onwards, the hotel and Park Lane become renowned for accommodating numerous international film stars, and it was closely associated with Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton in the 1960s and 1970s.[29]

During World War II, several properties on Park Lane were hit by bombs. Dudley House, at No. 100, suffered major structural damage, including the destruction of the ballroom and gallery, though the building was partially restored.[8] However, the strength of construction of the Dorchester Hotel gave it the reputation of being one of London's safest buildings,[30] and it was a safe haven for numerous luminaries. General Dwight D. Eisenhower took a suite on the first floor in 1942, and later made it his headquarters.[31]

The British Iron and Steel Research Association was originally established at No. 11 Park Lane in June 1944,[32] an institution responsible for much of the automation of modern steelmaking. It has since moved to No. 24 Buckingham Gate. The contact lens pioneer, Keith Clifford Hall held a practice at No. 139, later expanding to No 140, from 1945 to 1964. The site of his practice is now commemorated by a green heritage plaque.[33] The film and stage actress Anna Neagle lived at Alford House on Park Lane between 1950 and 1964 with her husband Herbert Wilcox; the location of which is now marked with a green heritage plaque.[34] The hotel trade continued to prosper; construction of the London Hilton on Park Lane at 22 Park Lane began in 1960 and opened in 1963 at a construction cost of £8m (now £151,000,000).[35] On 5 September 1975, a Provisional IRA bomb exploded at the hotel, killing two people and injuring over 60. The blast also damaged neighbouring properties.[36]

At the south end of Park Lane, on the west side, gates in honour of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (widow of George VI) were erected in 1993. The gates were designed by Giuseppe Lund and David Wynne and bear motifs in an interpretation from her coat of arms.[37]

21st century

The Animals in War Memorial was erected at the northeast side of Park Lane in 2004.

The Animals in War Memorial was opened at the northeast edge of Park Lane in 2004 by Anne, Princess Royal. It commemorates animals that served in wars, and alongside servicemen.[38][39] In June 2007, a car bomb was successfully defused in an underground car park on Park Lane. The road was closed for most of the day for police investigation.[40]

The road still attracts notable residents. In 2002, Robert B. Sherman, composer of the musicals Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and Mary Poppins, moved to an apartment on Park Lane following the death of his wife. He enjoyed the views of Hyde Park and in 2003 painted an eponymous portrait, Park Lane.[41] The business mogul Mohamed Al-Fayed has offices in 55 and 60 Park Lane.[42] Trevor Rees-Jones, the only survivor of the car crash that killed al-Fayed's son Dodi Fayed and Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997, briefly recuperated in a flat on Park Lane following the accident.[43]

Property prices on Park Lane remain some of the highest in London. In 2006, former Conservative leader of Westminster City Council, Dame Shirley Porter moved into a new £1.5m development on Curzon Square after twelve years of exile in Israel.[44] In 2015, a report showed the average monthly rent for a 2-bedroom apartment on the road was £5,200.[45] Rough sleepers also made use of the road's surroundings from at least 2012, with large begging gangs or other homeless groups sleeping in covered shopping parades despite occasionally being cleared or moved on by police.[46]

Testament to the forces of globalisation, and growing investment and influence in the UK by Asians, many of the hotels and establishments on Park Lane are today owned by some of the wealthiest Middle Eastern and Asian businessmen, sheikhs and sultans. The Dorchester was purchased by the Sultan of Brunei in 1985,[47] and since 1996 has been part of the Dorchester Collection, owned by the Brunei Investment Agency (BIA), an arm of the Ministry of Finance of Brunei. The Dorchester Collection connects The Dorchester on Park Lane to other luxury hotels internationally, including the The Beverly Hills Hotel and Hotel Bel-Air of Los Angeles, and the Hôtel Meurice of Paris.[48] In 1978, a new branch of the Allied Arab Bank opened at 131–2 Park Lane,[49] facilitating the interests of both Arab world and western clients.[50] Mamasino restaurant at 102 Park Lane serves African cuisine and is African-owned.[51] Wolfgang Puck's restaurant at No. 45 has been described by GQ Magazine as serving one of the best breakfasts in London, with a mixture of American, European and Asian food.[52]

Traffic

Park Lane was remodelled between 1960 and 1963, including re-routing traffic closer to Apsley House.

Owing to property on the road becoming more desirable, traffic began to increase on Park Lane during the 19th century. A short section of the lane was widened in 1851 as part of the redevelopment work on Marble Arch.[6] In July 1866, following the destruction of the boundary railings after a demonstration supporting the Second Reform Bill, the road was widened as far as Stanhope Gate. In 1871, Hamilton Place was widened to allow an alternative traffic flow to Piccadilly.[23]

Park Lane in 2007, when the road was a free through route through the London congestion charge zone

By the 1950s, motor traffic levels along Park Lane had reached saturation point. A 1956 survey by the Metropolitan Police reported "at peak hours it is overloaded", with traffic surveys showing 91,000 and 65,000 vehicles travelling around Hyde Park Corner and Marble Arch respectively in a twelve-hour period, making Park Lane the link between the busiest and third busiest road junctions in London.[53] Between 1960 and 1963, the road was widened to three lanes each way either side of a central reservation.[23] This required the demolition of Nos. 145–148 Piccadilly, near Hyde Park Corner, which had previously formed a line east of Apsley House.[53][8] The work also re-appropriated East Carriage Drive inside Hyde Park as the northbound carriageway, moving the park's boundary westwards.[53] Additionally, a car park was installed under the road, which became the largest underground parking area in London.[54] Care was taken to preserve as much of the park as possible during the widening works; in all, 20 acres (8.1 ha) of park was removed and around 95 trees were felled.[55][56] At the time of opening, the project was the largest road improvement scheme in Central London since the construction of Kingsway in 1905.[53] The total estimated cost was £1,152,000 (now £21,750,000).[57] Further traffic signals were installed at the junction of Park Lane and Hyde Park corner in 1983.[58]

The road forms part of the London Inner Ring Road and is part of the London congestion charge zone's boundary. When the zone was extended westward in February 2007, Park Lane was designated as one of the "free through routes", on which vehicles could cross the zone during its hours of operation without paying the charge.[59] The western extension was removed in January 2011.[60]

In November 2008, the mayor of London, Boris Johnson announced plans to build a tunnel beneath the street, allowing land to be released for development and green spaces.[61] The traffic improvements and remodelling have diminished the appeal of Park Lane as a residential address, since it became one of the busiest and noisiest roads in central London. In 2011, Johnson introduced spot fines for coaches idling on Park Lane.[62] The widening of the road distanced the houses on the east side of Park Lane from Hyde Park itself, access to which is now by underpass.[63] Despite the traffic noise the road is still upmarket, featuring five-star hotels (such as The Dorchester, the Grosvenor House Hotel and the InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel) and showrooms for several sports car models, including BMW,[64] Aston Martin and Mercedes-Benz.[54]

Cultural references

On a British Monopoly board, Park Lane is the second most expensive property square, after Mayfair.

Park Lane is the second most valuable property in the London edition of the board game Monopoly. The street had a prestigious social status when the British version of the Monopoly board was first produced, in 1936. On the board, Park Lane forms a pair with Mayfair, the most expensive property in the game. The squares were designed to be equivalents of Park Place and Boardwalk, respectively, on the original board, which used streets in Atlantic City, New Jersey.[65] In 1988, the World Monopoly Championships were held at the Park Lane Hotel, sponsored by Waddingtons, manufacturers of the British version.[66] Since the game's original production, prices on the real Park Lane have held their value, though average rent costs have been overtaken by Bond Street.[67]

In Arthur Conan Doyle's short story The Adventure of the Empty House (1903), the character Ronald Adair, a gentleman who is murdered in 1894, lives at No. 421 Park Lane (the old numbering).[68] The writer Jasper Fforde refers to the street and its Monopoly square in his novel The Eyre Affair (2001), via the character Landen Parke-Laine.[69][lower-alpha 2]

The street has several mentions in John Galsworthy's 1922 trilogy, The Forsyte Saga. The 1967 BBC television adaptation used Croxteth Hall in Liverpool for footage of James and Emily's house on Park Lane.[70] The road is mentioned in the second stanza of Noël Coward's patriotic song "London Pride".[71]

The Mini Countryman Park Lane is a high-end four wheel drive sport utility vehicle named after the road, where the company has a showroom.[72] In Walter Lord's book A Night to Remember, which documents the fate of the RMS Titanic, a broad, lower-deck working corridor on E Deck, which ran the length of the ship, was referred to by officers as "Park Lane" (and by crew as "Scotland Road").[73]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ House numbers have changed twice in Park Lane; first in 1872, then in 1934[8]
  2. ↑ Readers of Fforde's novels have claimed the character is a bowlderisation of either "land on (as in playing Monopoly) Park Lane" or "London, Park Lane"

Citations

  1. ↑ "Mayfair (District)". A-Z. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 "Central London Bus Map" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  3. ↑ "Central London Night Bus Map" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  4. ↑ Route 30 Cabinet Member Report (Report). Westminster City Council. 23 March 2006. p. 4. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  5. ↑ Moore 2003, p. 274.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hibbert & Weinreb 2008, p. 624.
  7. 1 2 Knight 1843, p. 263.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 F H W Sheppard, ed. (1980). "Park Lane". 40. Survey of London: 264–289. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  9. ↑ Knapman 2003, p. 270.
  10. ↑ Fleming 2005, p. 8.
  11. ↑ National Service. Military Training Publishing Corporation. 1920. p. 27.
  12. ↑ Binder 2006, p. 9.
  13. ↑ "Obituary : The Marquess of Londonderry". The Telegraph. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  14. ↑ Hibbert & Weinreb 2008, p. 545.
  15. 1 2 3 Sutcliffe 2006, p. 149.
  16. ↑ "Moses Montefiore blue plaque". Open Plaques. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  17. ↑ "Daughter of Empire by Pamela Hicks:review". The Daily Telegraph. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  18. ↑ Colby 1967, p. 107.
  19. ↑ "Lot 15318 : A Mansion – A Private Collection" (PDF). Sothebys. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  20. ↑ Riley 2012, pp. 80, 86.
  21. ↑ Murphy 2003, p. 68.
  22. ↑ Fodor's 2014, p. 403.
  23. 1 2 3 Hibbert & Weinreb 2008, p. 625.
  24. ↑ Weightman & Humphries 2007, p. 113.
  25. ↑ Richardson 1997, pp. 41–42.
  26. ↑ "History of The Dorchester". The Dorchester. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  27. ↑ The Bookseller. J. Whitaker. 1978. p. 3078. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  28. ↑ Rennison 2007, p. 37.
  29. ↑ McComb, Richard (11 May 2013). "For Stars Hotel; She Is the Grand Old Lady of London Hotels and a Favourite of the Rich and Famous". The Birmingham Post, accessed via HighBeam Research (subscription required). Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  30. ↑ Russell 1988.
  31. ↑ Stafford 2010, p. 25.
  32. ↑ Hodgson 1962, p. 149.
  33. ↑ "Pioneers map". College of Optometrists. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  34. ↑ Westminster Green Plaques Scheme – review of criteria and funding (PDF) (Report). City of Westminster Council. 12 January 2012. p. 20. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  35. ↑ "50th Anniversary". London Hilton on Park Lane. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  36. ↑ "On this day – London hotel bombed". BBC News. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  37. ↑ Masters, Tom; Fallon, Steve; Maric, Vesna (2010). London. Lonely Planet. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-742-20400-0.
  38. ↑ "Animal war heroes statue unveiled". BBC News. 24 November 2004. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  39. ↑ Philips, Carol (24 November 2004). "New animal war memorial unveiled". Horse & Hound Magazine. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
  40. ↑ "Two car bombs found in West End". BBC News. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  41. ↑ Sherman, Robert B (2013). "Observations from Hyde Park". Moose. AuthorHouse. pp. 342, 435. ISBN 978-1-491-88365-5.
  42. ↑ Blackhurst, Chris (24 November 1996). "Al Fayed firm faces tax inquiry". The Independent. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  43. ↑ "Diana inquiry: Inside the mind of al-Fayed". The Independent. 17 December 2006. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  44. ↑ Adams, Guy (8 August 2006). "After 12 years, Dame Shirley is back in Westminster". The Independent. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  45. ↑ Brooks, Tony (11 June 2015). "Monopoly board charts the huge rise in property prices". Daily Express. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  46. ↑ Pettit, John (22 August 2014). "Rough sleepers return to Park Lane". London Evening Standard. p. 8.
  47. ↑ O'Loughlin 1996, p. 26.
  48. ↑ "The Beverly Hills Hotel Celebrity Boycott—Who Is It Really Hurting?". Vanity Fair. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  49. ↑ Middle East Economic Digest 1978. 1978. p. 18.
  50. ↑ Middle East Annual Review. Middle East Review. 1980. pp. 178–182.
  51. ↑ Directory of African Businesses & Organisations in the UK. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Limited. 2007.
  52. ↑ "Where to get the best breakfasts in London". GQ. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  53. 1 2 3 4 "Park Lane Improvement Bill". Hansard. 11 December 1957. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  54. 1 2 Moore 2003, p. 275.
  55. ↑ "Royal Parks". Hansard. 22 November 1962. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  56. ↑ "Park Lane Improvement Scheme". Hansard. 11 June 1958. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  57. ↑ "Major Road Projects". Hansard. 8 June 1961. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  58. ↑ "Traffigh Lights (Hyde Park Corner)". Hansard. 18 March 1983. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  59. ↑ Central London Congestion Charging (PDF) (Report). Transport for London. July 2008. p. 9. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  60. ↑ "TfL announces initial results following removal of the Western Extension of the Congestion Charging Zone". Transport for London. 3 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  61. ↑ Greater London Authority (November 2008). "Way To Go!: Planning for better transport" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
  62. ↑ "Motorists face £20 fines for leaving engines idle while stationary in West End". London Evening Standard. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  63. ↑ "We can't find work and want to go home, say Romanians back sleeping rough at Park Lane". London Evening Standard. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  64. ↑ Knapman, Chris (15 October 2010). "BMW Classics on display at Park Lane". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  65. ↑ Wharton 2001, p. 92.
  66. ↑ Watson 2008, p. 86.
  67. ↑ "London house prices: As rents keep rising, here's how the Monopoly board looks in 2015". City AM. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  68. ↑ Wheeler 2011, p. 161.
  69. ↑ "Competition Winners". Jasper Fforde. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  70. ↑ "The Forsyte Saga". Masterpiece Theatre. CBS. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  71. ↑ "London Pride -Noël Coward – lyrics". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  72. ↑ "MINI launches 4x4 Countryman Park Lane". Car Buyer. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  73. ↑ Lord, Walter (1955). "2". A Night to Remember.

Sources

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