LGBT rights in Belarus

LGBT rights in Belarus

Location of  LGBT rights in Belarus  (green)

in Europe  (dark grey)  –  [Legend]

Same-sex sexual activity legal? Legal since 1994,
age of consent is equalized
Gender identity/expression –
Military service No (LGBT persons are barred from the Belarusian military on the grounds that homosexuality is a psychiatric disorder.)
Discrimination protections No
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 No recognition of same-sex relationships.
Restrictions:
 Same-sex marriage constitutionnally banned since 1994
Adoption No

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons in Belarus face legal challenges and abuse not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Belarus. Households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples.

Same-sex sexual activity was legalized in Belarus in 1994. However, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in Belarus are still severely limited and homosexuality remains highly taboo in Belarusian society. Many Belarusian people believe "homosexuality is a psychiatric illness" and many LGBT persons in Belarus tend to hide their sexual orientation. Those who are "out" face harassment, violence and physical abuse.

Issues

Legality of homosexuality

Homosexual sex was decriminalized in 1994. The age of consent for participation in sexual acts is equal for homosexuals and heterosexuals: 16 years old.

Recognition of same-sex unions

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe
  Marriage
  Foreign marriages recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
---- Includes laws that have not yet gone into effect.

According to the Constitution (Article 32) and the Marriage and Family Code (Articles 1 and 12), marriage is a specific civil contract, concluded before a state organ and limited to two persons of the opposite sex. This final requirement makes marriage inaccessible to homosexual couples.[1]

There is no domestic partnership option under Belarussian law, although co-habitation outside of marriage, even by heterosexual couples, is common. Domestic partnership is not a legal basis for one partner’s changing his or her surname. It does not lead to spousal material commonwealth between the partners. Among the responsibilities taken on by the partners in their life together, the only ones legally enforced are those listed in the civil law. When they have a common business, their relations are regulated by the rules of commercial law. If they break up, the partners have no access to the legally recognized rights of a spouse in a divorce. Current and former partners in cohabitation have no right to alimony or financial support.

Cohabitation is not a legal basis for inheritance, since partners are not included in the legal circle of heirs. Therefore, domestic partners may inherit from one another only when there is a last will and testament. The taxes on such an inheritance are higher than the taxes imposed on inheritances received by a legal spouse. Domestic partners inheriting through a will also have no right to a preserve part of the estate.[2]

Cohabitating partners have no parental rights over the children of the other partner. It is possible, however, for one partner to legally adopt the other’s biological children. The adoptive parent must not be legally incapacitated, must not have been stripped of his or her parental rights by the courts, and must be at least 16 years older than the adopted child. It is not possible for co-habitating couples to adopt orphans, since the law requires adoptive couples to be married.

The Labour Code (Article 14) prohibits discrimination in the sphere of labour relations. However, sexual orientation is left out of the list of social characteristics on whose basis discrimination is legally prohibited.

Persecution on the basis of sexual orientation is not explicitly recognized in law as a ground for granting refugee status. Same sex partners are not recognized for the purposes of immigration law. After the fall of the communist regime many Belarusians requested and were granted political asylum abroad, based on fear of persecution because of their sexual orientation. The most frequent reason cited was formal or informal harassment by the police. Amnesty International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Network – Belarus (AILGBT-Belarus) has information on individuals who were granted asylum in Czech Republic, France, Netherlands, and Sweden.[3] One 19-year-old former Minsk resident received asylum in a Western country in May 2007 because his parents had been trying to change his sexual orientation by means of shock therapy.

Free Speech Rights

The internet provider Beltelecom (a monopoly telecom provider in Belarus), which controls the external gateway, tried to block access to gay sites, at least from internet clubs. Internet resources for gays and lesbians in Belarus have recently been operating without problems. However, access is blocked to Russian gay internet sites, including Gay.ru.

The first gay parade held in the Commonwealth of Independent States was held in 2001 in Minsk. It was a peaceful march, with about 300 people in attendance.

A private company in Belarus censored gay personal ads on its gay-oriented website, Apagay.com, today known as Gay.by. In response to complaints, the website owner first explained that they had the right to edit personal ads. Then they stated they were merely implementing recommendations, but did not state whose recommendations.

The only specialised magazine for the LGBT community (Forum Lambda magazine) was published by Lambda Belarus in Russia and disseminated in Belarus from 1998 to 2002. The publication has been banned several times by the State Publishing Committee.

The main source of information about life of LGBT community in Belarus is the internet portal Gay.by. It is one of ten most visited sites in Belarus with a monthly audience of over 350,000 visitors. The creators of the web site encounter a lot of problems when trying to disseminate information about homosexuality. In December 2002, Belarusian State University in Minsk banned access to all gay internet resources. In March 2003 the administration of the internet café “Soyuz Online”, the biggest and most popular among gays in Minsk, blocked Gay.by. In January 2004, the national web hosting company N1.BY refused Gay.by its services. Earlier in 2003 the system administrator of "Krasnaya Banernaya" (RED.BY) banned the portal Gay.by from participating in banner exchange.[4]

On 10 May 2003, an unknown hacker broke into the Belarusian gay and lesbian web site Gay.by. The hacker deleted all topics on the site's forum and started a new thread containing an appeal to kill gays. In addition while downloading the home page of Gay.by the notification “PIDARS MUST DIE” and “STOP PIDARS IN BELARUS” appeared on the screen. The hacker’s break in was followed by telephone calls to the members of the site’s team with threats of physical violence.

A new line of sites keeps the Belarus LGBT audience well-informed and entertained. The first Belarus gay blog, sunshine.by since 2003 have been keeping abreast of all developments in the country, providing invaluable insight into the world of Gay, Lesbian, Bi and Transgender community of the country.

LGBT rights movement in Belarus

LGBT Organizations

There is no official organization in Belarus that represents the interests of gays and lesbians in Belarus. The Women's Organization (Jyana), which was officially registered and working on "gender questions." Jyana, which protected young women in the country, recently announced that it soon will close. The men's organization, Republican Youth (Vstrecha) is not an LGBT-organization, but conducts a great deal of work aimed at preventing HIV infection and AIDS among men who have sex with men. Any other organization or initiative is working outside the legal framework.

Gay Pride Controversies

Violations of the rights to freedom of expression and freedom of assembly in Belarus were repeatedly condemned by the international community.[7]

After previous failed efforts, in 1999 a gay pride festival was organised by the Belarusian League for Sexual Equality “Lambda” BLL and "Forum Lambda", a magazine for Belarusian gays and lesbians. The festival program included a seminar for journalists on "Lesbians and gay men in the media", conference on the rights of gays and lesbians in Belarus and in the world, the exhibition of photographs and films taken homosexuals, competition “Mr. Gay Belarus” and competition “Transmission”. The festival was supported by the UN Development Programme, studio Tatyana, United Way Belarus, IREX, the Titanic Club, and guests from Ukraine. During one of parties in the club burst the raided by riot police and frisked the contestants “Transmission”/

In 2000, the organisers of the festival encountered great difficulty in preparing for the event. According to Edward Tarletski, head of the organising committee, the radio station Radio BA which was to cover the event and grant its dancehall for evening events received an order from the Presidential Administration not to do so. Other radio stations reportedly refused support on the same grounds, and events at other venues were also canceled. Orthodox Church-related groups demonstrated in Minsk against the Gay Festival the day before the festival was planned, on 9 September. The planned gay pride march through the city was banned by the city government 24 hours before it was due to take place, and authorities acted on the day to prevent festivities. Newspapers reported the outcome of the day. See and [8][9]

In 2001 the Belarus government allegedly prohibited the Belarus Gay Pride Festival. On 3 August 2001, unidentified vandals broke into and vandalised the flat of Lambda Belarus leader Andrei Babkin where fliers, posters and booklets of the festival “Gay Pride 2001” had been kept.

In 2002, days before Gay Pride 2002, Lambda Belarus leader Edward Tarletski was called to the Minsk police station where he was told that if a gay pride parade took place, “the police will not take any responsibility for possible disorder.”

In 2004, an international gay and lesbian festival was forced to be canceled. The organizing committee of the final (Belarusian) phase of the 4th International Moonbow Human Rights & Homo Cultural Festival and the first stage of this year's ILGCN (International Lesbian & Gay Cultural Network) World Lesbian and Gay World Conference 28–29 August 2004 were forced to cancel the event in Minsk. This came after authorities frightened a club owner into withdrawing his promise to host the event. In addition, threatening phone calls from authorities said foreigners trying to attend the event for workshops and discussions "would be immediately expelled from the country in keeping with the article of intervention in domestic affairs of the Republic of Belarus." [10][11]

On 27 October 2008, the same group asked permission to hold a protest in support of gay rights near the Russian Embassy in Minsk. Both events were not authorised. Because the country is currently not a member of the Council of Europe, Belarusian activists cannot appeal to the European Court of Human Rights. It is the same group which decided to organise with Russian LGBT activists a Slavic Pride which is planned to alternate between Moscow and Minsk every year.[12]

In January 2009, an event titled "The Right To Love" was planned and designed to raise public awareness about homophobia and discrimination against LGBT people in Belarus. Authorization was denied. LGBT activist Roman Mandrykin filed a complaint in the Court of the Central Borough of Gomel in response to this decision of the Gomel City Administration. In the text of the complaint, Mr. Mandrykin claims that the decision of the Gomel City Administration violated his right to the Freedom of Assembly, as guaranteed by Article 35 of the Constitution of Belarus. He adds that the local regulation, Regulation 299, is itself unconstitutional in that it imposes unreasonable burdens on those seeking to organize public gatherings. The organizers intend to pursue this claim until it is resolved and hope to be able to organize a gathering in 2010.[13]

Month Against Homophobia

The "Month against Homophobia" was a campaign by Belarusian LGBT activists from 17 April to 17 May 2009 in Minsk, Grodno and Luninets. It consisted of informational campaigns and events. The month was organized by Gayby.org, Gay.by, members of the League of Sexual Equality "Lambda", and Amnesty International (Belarus). More than fifty media outlets reported about the month's events. Belarusian media began to talk about gay and lesbian people.

The main aim of the month against Homophobia was to resist any kind of physical, moral and symbolic violence to people with a different sexual orientation and gender identity, to show solidarity to LGBT in the world who are unable to fight for their rights and to carry on a wider campaign for Human Rights.[14]

Social conditions

Anti-LGBT violence

There is no Belarusian law that refers specifically to perpetrators of crimes motivated by homophobia. In the Criminal Code, homosexuals are only singled out when they are the “subjects” of a crime (e.g., when they are the perpetrators), and not when they are “objects” (e.g., victims of a crime). Judicial and police organs do not express any eagerness to collect evidence about the homophobic motives of those who perpetrate crimes. Judges are not obliged to consider such motives as aggravating the circumstances of guilt, or to impose more severe punishments when homophobic motives are present. LGBT people are in danger to face discrimination and violence.[15]

On 18 April 2001, a dead body of the pensioner Alexander Stephanovich, known in Minsk as a homosexual, was found in the yard of the apartment block where he lived. His body was stabbed all over with knives. On 16 May of the same year, Andrei Babkin, an activist with Lambda Belarus, was badly beaten and raped at the entrance to his flat. He was taken to the hospital with severe injuries.

On 2 July, the police in Minsk detained and badly beat Andrei Scherbakov, one of the founders of Lambda Belarus. The next day, Ivan Suchinski, the owner of the gay club “Oskar,” was killed. The club had been closed by the authorities in February 2000 and Ivan brought civil claims because of the unfair actions of the police. On 13 November 2001, in Molodechno, Lambda Belarus leader Edward Tarletski was assaulted which resulted in a concussion and required seven days' hospitalization.

On 15 February 2002 in Zhlobin (Gomel Region), 34-year-old accountant Victor Kovyl was found dead in his parents’ flat. He was openly gay both at work and in public. The police refused to give the details of the murder to Kovyl’s partner Alexander and one of the members of the police said to him: “It serves you right, sodomites (faggots)!”.

On 12 April 2002, an assault and beating of gay men took place outside the gay club “Babylon”. According to witnesses a group of skin heads (10–12 men) attacked three patrons before the police arrived. Among the victims was Edward Tarletski, Editor in Chief of gay magazine Forum Lambda and leader Lambda Belarus leader. On 10 June in Kommunar, Buda-Kashalyova District, Gomel region, three unidentified men beat and raped local resident Dmitrii L., 18. The victim was taken to the hospital where he spent two weeks.

On the evening of 2 October 2002, Edward Tarletski was assaulted outside his flat entrance on his way home. Four unidentified men asked him if his name was Tarletski and started beating him. That night he was taken to the hospital. He had a broken shoulder and three smashed teeth.

In 2002, the Minsk Police started a criminal case in connection with the murder of Mikhail M., 50, whose mutilated body was found in his flat on 17 November. According to the police this was the fifth murder of this kind committed in the capital of Belarus. However, the detectives fully denied the possibility of a serial killer.

On 18 February 2003 Tarletski was beaten again by unidentified persons near his house. Edward was taken to the hospital with a head injury and plenty of bruises on his body. On 29 March of the same year, a bouncer at the night club “Budda-Bar” in Minsk beat Yuliya Yukhnovetz, a volunteer for Minsk Pride, because she kissed a girl in the club hallway. She was taken to the hospital where she was diagnosed with an injured cranium.

On 28 May 2008, Edward Tarletski was attacked again by three youths in Minsk. Tarletski stated that he did not intend to report the attack to police because they would not do anything about the incident. He also said this attack was the third against him in five years.[16]

At the mid of September 2008, two transsexual women had been raped in Minsk. Victims did not report to the police; they were not sure that they would help them.[17][18]

In prisons and correctional facilities, homosexuality is subject to speculation, blackmail and extortion. While in prison, gays and lesbians are largely unprotected. Reportedly, executing bodies often make use of prisoners’ sexual inclinations to receive needed data, and turnkeys often encourage prisoners to abuse homosexuals.

Police officers seek information of a personal nature about homosexual persons who are victims of violence. This information is of no relevance to the prosecution the perpetrators of the crimes against those victims. Police officers collect information of a personal nature as well as passport data and mugshots of homosexual persons who visit known gay cruising areas. The national NGO “Vstrecha” [“Meeting”] (HIV-prevention group for gay men) reported about those practices in Brest and Gomel. Police officers refuse to register cases of brutality committed against sexual minorities and do not conduct investigations that would seek criminal responsibility from the perpetrators of crimes motivated by homophobic prejudice. Lambda Belarus reported many cases of brutality against lesbians and gays and passive behaviour of police in all regions of the country. Police have conducted unprovoked actions in bars frequented by homosexuals. AILGBT-Belarus, “Vstrecha”, Lambda Belarus and lesbian group “YANA” reported about those practices in Gomel and Minsk.[19]

Mental health

A high percentage of suicide is observed amongst gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transsexuals. Qualified psychological help is not generally available. In Minsk, the capital of Belarus, three universities – Belarus State University, Belarus Pedagogical University and European Humanities University – have full psychology courses in their curriculum but do not address the problems of sexual minorities.

Discrimination

In education

In May 2003, the administration of the European Humanities University in Minsk banned a showing of the documentary “Outlawed” about discrimination of gays and lesbians all around the world. According to the University staff, the ban was made under pressure of the Russian Orthodox Church.[10]

In the military

According to the Belarusian Ministry of Defense and the Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military of the University of California, Santa Barbara, Belarus bans gays from serving in the military. AILGBT-Belarus has documented at least five cases of gay men from Gomel who did not serve in the army because of their sexual orientation. No cases of harassment of gays in the army are reported, but this may be the result of gay individuals hiding their sexuality.[10]

Political Figures' Stances on LGBT Rights

The open support of lesbians and gays is not a popular position for a political movement in Belarus. In July 2001, the Organising Committee of the 1st Belarusian Youth Congress, voted against allowing delegates of Lambda Belarus to participate.

In March 2002, a number of Belarusian media published the statements of Young Front (the youth organisation of Belarusian Popular Front), which contained homophobic statements.[20] Specifically, Young Front leader Pavel Severinetz published a letter where he called homosexuality “a death-worthy sin and perversion”. According to Severinetz the fact of the existence of homosexuals is “the result of spoiling and sinfulness in the world”.

In another incident, Belarusian sexual minorities attempted to make a formal statement of solidarity with victims of the Chernobyl disaster. This attempt created a backlash, which led to an opposition youth leader, Dmitry Dashkevich, stating on the radio program "Freedom Night" that Belarus is no place for gays, and that homosexuals are sick people and that the opposition would not enter into a dialogue with them.

In September 2004, President Lukashenko, in a speech before the Belarusian Security Council, said, "we have to show our society in the near future, what ‘they’ [the European Union and the United States] are doing here, how they are trying to turn our girls into prostitutes, how they are feeding our citizens with illicit drugs, how they are spreading sexual perversion here, which methods they are employing”.[10]

Public opinion

Gay life is still largely underground and most Belarusians consider homosexuality a disorder. Homophobic attitudes, suspicions and prejudices are still very strong. According to a survey by the Belarusian Lambda League for Sexual Equality (Lambda Belarus) in April 2002, 47% of Belarusians think that gays should be imprisoned. Young people increasingly tolerate homosexuality and show a growing interest in gay and lesbian culture. However, their interest remains part of youth popular culture and is often considered as a kind of fashion that will be outgrown and forgotten when they become adults. In 2007 Information Center TEMA and MyGomel.com organize a voting about react of Gomel region youth to sexual minorities. 47.6% had negative feelings to sexual and gender minorities, 10% want to criminalize homosexual relations.[21]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal (Since 1994)
Equal age of consent
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriages (Constitutional ban since 1994)
Recognition of same-sex couples
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military /
Right to change legal gender
Access to IVF for lesbians
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
MSMs allowed to donate blood

LGBT history in Belarus

While a part of the Soviet Union, Belarus used the laws common for all Soviet republics. As such, homosexuality was considered illegal. Sexual relationships between females have never been illegal in Belarus (though lesbians could be sent to mental institutions if discovered) while those between males were frequently prosecuted. Words such as homosexuality or gay were not present in any old Soviet code and the Soviet juridical system used the term sodomy.

Article 119-1 of the previous Criminal Code of Belarus set out that homosexual men having voluntary sexual contact were to be convicted to prison terms up to five years. In 1989 nearly 50 Belarusian citizens were fired due to their sexual orientation. A special department was set up in the KGB to combat homosexuality. The secret services used blackmail to recruit agents from the gay community. This prevented the possibility of the emergence of any gay organization, or print media designed specifically for sexual minorities. Nonetheless, gay people met in the streets, toilets, railway stations, or gathered in private flats or houses.

In 1992 a newspaper named Sex-AntiAIDS-Plus was founded through help provided by a non-governmental organization called Stop-AIDS-Belarus (SAB). The second issue of the newspaper was intercepted by a procurator’s office, and a criminal case was initiated against the newspaper. The newspaper contained personal ads for gays and lesbians. The prosecution regarded these announcements as pandering.

In 1994, the criminal case against the newspaper was dropped. However, its founder and chief editor, Ruslan Geniush, fearing persecution, stopped his publishing endeavour. In 1992 a magazine named Randez-vous was registered, and began publishing. The magazine focused primarily on personal ads and contained articles written by psychologists, sexologists and letters and announcements from LGBT readers in a special column called "Blue Salon". In 1994 the magazine ceased to exist.

On 1 March 1994, the Parliament of Belarus changed Article 119-1 of the Criminal Code of Belarus, and homosexuality became legal.

See also

General:

Notes

  1. ^ "Worldwide Ages of Consent". Avert.org. Retrieved 29 September 2005. 
  2. ^ "Homosexual Rights Around The World". Gay Rights Info. Archived from %5b%5bCategory:All articles with dead external links%5d%5d%5b%5bCategory:Articles with dead external links from July 2010%5d%5d the original Check |url= value (help) on 16 September 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2005. 
  3. ^ %5b%5bCategory:All articles with dead external links%5d%5d%5b%5bCategory:Articles with dead external links from July 2010%5d%5d ""Gay Pride Belarus '99" held in Minsk from 9 to 12 September" Check |url= value (help). International Lesbian and Gay Association. Retrieved 29 September 2005. 
  4. ^ "Gay and Lesbian Issues in Belarus". A Belarus Miscellany. Retrieved 29 September 2005. 
  5. ^ "Belarus Authorities Forbid Year 2000 Gay Pride Festival". GayToday. Retrieved 29 September 2005. 
  6. ^ "Gay Belarus News & Reports 2004–05". Global Gayz.com. Retrieved 29 September 2005. 
  7. ^ "International Briefs". Bay Windows. Retrieved 29 September 2005. 
  8. ^ a b "Month against homophobia in Belarus". Gay.by. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2008. 

References

  1. ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS OF 1994". National Legal Internet Portal Of The Republic Of Belarus. Law.by. Retrieved 22 June 2015. Article 32. [...] On reaching the age of consent a woman and a man shall have the right to enter into marriage on a voluntary basis and found a family.
  2. ↑ "Section 71 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus. (in Russian)". 2 August 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  3. ↑ Viachaslau Bortnik's, “Intolerance, discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the OSCE region," presented at the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, Warsaw, 4–15 October 2004.
  4. ↑ From Viachaslau Bortnik's report presented at the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, Warsaw, 4–15 October 2004; side event “Intolerance, discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the OSCE region”
  5. ↑ "Belarus". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  6. ↑ Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of (2000-08-01). "Update to BYS28904.E of 20 February 2000 regarding the treatment of homosexuals, particularly lesbians, in the city of Minsk, including societal attitudes, treatment by the state and state protection [BYS35140.E]". www.ecoi.net. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
  7. ↑ "Are all equal before the law?". Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  8. ↑
  9. ↑ Gay cultural events canceled in Belarus, ILGA Archived 25 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. 1 2 3 4 From Viachaslau Bortnik's report presented at the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, Warsaw, 4–15 October 2004; side event “Intolerance, discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the OSCE region”.
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ "Euro MPs Get Tough Over Lack of Gay Rights in Belarus". Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  13. ↑ "LGBT rights activists, for the first time, appealing to courts to defend their constitutional right to freedom of assembly". Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  14. ↑ "Article about the month against Homophobia in Belarus". Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  15. ↑ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices on Belarus". Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  16. ↑ "2008 Human Rights Report: Belarus. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor". Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  17. ↑ "Two transsexual guys had been raped in Minsk". Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  18. ↑ "Two transsexual men are beaten and raped in Minsk, BELARUS". 6 October 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  19. ↑ From Viachaslau Bortnik's report presented at the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, Warsaw, 4–15 October 2004; side event “Intolerance, discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the OSCE region
  20. ↑ Viachaslau Bortnik's report presented at the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, Warsaw, 4–15 October 2004; side event “Intolerance, discrimination and hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the OSCE region.”
  21. ↑ "Voting of Belarusian youth on LGBT issue". Retrieved 14 August 2009.
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