Samuel Graves

Samuel Graves
Born	17 April 1713
Died	8 March 1787 (aged 73)
Allegiance	Kingdom of Great Britain
Service/branch	Royal Navy
Rank	Admiral
Commands held	North American Station
Battles/wars	Seven Years' War American Revolutionary War

Admiral Samuel Graves (17 April 1713 – 8 March 1787) was a British Royal Navy admiral who is probably best known for his role early in the American War of Independence.

Military career

Son of Samuel Graves, he was thought to have been born in Northern Ireland where his grandfather, Captain James Graves (1654–1689), who married a daughter of Sir John Herdman of Stannington, lived, before he was robbed of his regiment's wages and murdered in his bed. Graves joined the Royal Navy in 1732.^[1] Made lieutenant in 1739,^[1] he participated in the 1741 expedition against Cartagena,^[1] serving on the frigate Norfolk, under his uncle and future admiral, Captain Thomas Graves. Samuel Graves’s cousin Thomas, Captain Graves’s son and also future admiral, served alongside him on the third-rate ship-of-the-line Norfolk (80). Promoted to command of the sloop Bonetta in 1743, Graves served in the West Indies until 1747, commanding Ripon’s Prize, and, later, Enterprise.^[1]

Seven Years' War

In 1756 Graves rose to command the Duke.^[1] Two years later, Graves returned to command of the Duke, serving again under Hawke in the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November 1759.^[1] He continued in command of the Duke until his promotion to rear admiral in October 1762.^[1]

American War of Independence

In October 1770 Graves rose to vice admiral,^[1] and in July 1774 assumed command of the North American Station.^[1] Graves’s orders were vague, his resources overstretched, and his task, in the words of the Dictionary of National Biography, “perhaps the most ungracious duty that has ever fallen to the lot of a naval officer.” According to his instructions, Graves was charged with supporting customs officials enforcing the various revenue and trade acts governing North American colonial trade within the empire, especially the Boston Port Act.^[1] With only 26 ships and over one-thousand miles of coastline from Nova Scotia to Florida to patrol, Graves’s task was Sisyphean.

Manning problems made the Royal Navy’s problems even more acute, thus forcing it to resort to press gangs in order to supplement the ships’ slender crews. Compounding the problem was the attitude and behavior of navy officers who did not recognize local authority and were more often contemptuous of local officials and sensitivities.

Headquartered in Boston, Graves was at the center of the Revolutionary turmoil in New England. His sailors manned the boats that ferried British soldiers across the Charles River en route to Concord on the night of 18 April 1775. Two months later, on 17 June 1775, his sailors again helped ferry troops, this time to the Charlestown Peninsula, while several of his ships provided fire support for the pyrrhic victory at Bunker Hill. During the Siege of Boston, Admiral Graves, on 6 October 1775, ordered Lt. Henry Mowatt, commanding the armed vessel HMS Canceaux, to destroy seaports that were supporting the rebellion. Mowatt burned Falmouth (today’s Portland, Maine) on 18 October.^[2]

On 27 January 1776, Vice Admiral Richard Howe succeeded Graves as commander-in-chief of the North American station. Graves returned to England without a command.^[1] In September 1777 he declined command of Plymouth, but indicated a desire to return to active duty. Graves advanced to admiral of the blue on 29 January 1778, admiral of the white on 8 April 1782, and died at his estate at Hembury Fort, Honiton, Devon on 8 March 1787.^[1] A monument sculpted by John Bacon but designed by a "Miss Burgess"^[3] was erected in Buckerell^[4] in Devon in the same year.

Family

He married Elizabeth Sedgwick,^[1] daughter of John Sedgwick of Staindrop (County Durham). After Elizabeth's death in 1767 he married again in 1769, his second wife being Margaret Spinkes,^[1] daughter of Elmes Spinkes of Aldwincle in Northamptonshire, and aunt and adopted mother of Elizabeth Simcoe. He had no children, just his ward, Elizabeth Simcoe, who married his godson John Graves Simcoe, who later became first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada. He was the uncle of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Graves, KB, who was a first cousin of Admiral Lord Thomas Graves.

References

1. Samuel Graves at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2. Miller, p. 48
3. Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis
4. Pevsner, Niklaus; Cherry, Bridget (2002). Devon. p. 221.

Bibliography

• Miller, Nathan (1974). Sea of Glory: The Continental Navy fights for Independence 1775-1783. New York: David McKay. ISBN 978-0-679-50392-7. OCLC 844299.