Ovenbird

For other uses, see Ovenbird (disambiguation).
Ovenbird
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Seiurus
Swainson, 1827
Species: S. aurocapilla
Binomial name
Seiurus aurocapilla
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Range of S. aurocapilla      Breeding range     Wintering range
Synonyms

Motacilla aurocapilla Linnaeus, 1766
Seiurus aurocapillus

The ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family (Parulidae). This migratory bird breeds in eastern North America and winters in Central America, many Caribbean Islands, Florida, and northern Venezuela.[2][3]

Taxonomy

The genus Seiurus is currently treated as monotypic, containing only the ovenbird; it is genetically distinct from all other species in the family Parulidae, probably the first genus to evolve separately from the rest of the family.[4]

Before the recent genetic studies were carried out, the waterthrushes were also included in Seiurus;[3][5] these are now treated separately in the genus Parkesia as they are not very closely related to the ovenbird.[4]

The species name aurocapilla is a noun phrase, so the original spelling is retained, not changed according to the gender of the genus name; Linnaeus originally named it Motacilla aurocapilla, and the ending is not changed to -us as commonly cited in the past.[6] Etymologically aurocapilla comes from Latin and means "golden haired" and Seiurus is from Ancient Greek seio, "to shake", and urus, "tail".[7]

Description

Adult with raised "crest"; Léon-Provancher marsh, Québec (Canada)
Video of male calling
Nest with chicks
Six-day-old chicks

Ovenbirds are large wood warblers and may sometimes be confused by the untrained for a thrush. Adults measure 11–16 cm (4.3–6.3 in) long and span 19–26 cm (7.5–10.2 in) across the wings.[8][9][10] They weigh 19 g (0.67 oz) on average,[11] with a range of 14–28.8 g (0.49–1.02 oz).[8] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 6.8 to 8.3 cm (2.7 to 3.3 in), the tail is 5 to 5.8 cm (2.0 to 2.3 in), the bill is 1.1 to 1.3 cm (0.43 to 0.51 in) and the tarsus is 2 to 2.3 cm (0.79 to 0.91 in).[3] They tend to be heavier in winter and particularly at the start of their migration.[12] They have olive-brown upperparts and white underparts heavily streaked with black; the flanks have an olive hue. A white ring surrounds the eyes, and a black stripe runs below the cheek. They have a line of orange feathers with olive-green tips running along the top of their head, bordered on each side with blackish-brown. The orange feathers can be erected to form a small crest. The eyes and the upper part of the thin pointed beak are dark, while the lower beak is horn-colored and the legs and feet are pinkish.[2]

Males and females look alike. Immature birds have tawny fringes to the tertiary remiges and sometimes buff-tipped outer primary wing coverts. Most conspicuously, the olive-green tips of the crown feathers, which are hardly visible in adult birds, are far larger in extent in immatures and cover the orange crown-stripe almost or completely.[2]

The main song of the ovenbird is a series of strident, relatively low-pitched, bisyallabic motives repeated without pause about eight times and increasing in volume. Usually, the second syllable in each motive is sharply accented: "chur-tee’ chur-tee’ chur-tee’ chur-tee’ chur-TEE chur-TEE chur-TEE!" Male ovenbirds utter a sweet chattering song in the air at twilight, after the manner of the skylark,[13] incorporating portions of the main song into a jumble of sputtering notes and mimicry as they dive back to earth. The call is a variably pitched, sharp "chik!" Some variations recall the common call note of a downy woodpecker. If the bird is excited, it may repeat this call several times.[2] The fight call is a high, rising siiii.

Ovenbird song recorded in Minnesota

Range and ecology

Their breeding habitats are mature deciduous and mixed forests, especially sites with little undergrowth, across Canada and the eastern United States. For foraging, it prefers woodland with abundant undergrowth of shrubs; essentially, it thrives best in a mix of primary and secondary forest. Ovenbirds migrate to the southeastern United States, the Caribbean, and from Mexico to northern South America. The birds are territorial all year round, occurring either singly or (in the breeding season) as mated pairs, for a short time accompanied by their young. During migration, they tend to travel in larger groups however, dispersing again once they reach their destination.[2]

In winter, they dwell mainly in lowlands, but may ascend up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) ASL e.g. in Costa Rica. The first migrants leave in late August and appear on the wintering grounds as early as September, with successive waves arriving until late October or so. They depart again to breed between late March and early May, arriving on the breeding grounds throughout April and May. Migration times do not seem to have changed much over the course of the 20th century.[2][14][15]

This bird seems just capable of crossing the Atlantic, as there have been a handful of records in Norway, Ireland and Great Britain. However, half of the six finds were of dead birds. A live ovenbird on St Mary's, Isles of Scilly in October 2004 was in bad condition, and died despite being taken into care.[16]

Ovenbirds forage on the ground in dead leaves, sometimes hovering or catching insects in flight. This bird frequently tilts its tail up and bobs its head while walking; at rest, the tail may be flicked up and slowly lowered again, and alarmed birds flick the tail frequently from a half-raised position. These birds mainly eat terrestrial arthropods and snails, and also include fruit[17] in their diet during winter.[2]

The nest, referred to as the "oven" (which gives the bird its name), is a domed structure placed on the ground, woven from vegetation, and containing a side entrance. Both parents feed the young birds. The placement of the nest on the ground makes predation by chipmunks (Tamias) a greater concern than for tree-nesting birds. Chipmunks have been known to burrow directly into the nest to eat the young birds.[3]

The ovenbird is vulnerable to nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), which is becoming more plentiful in some areas. However, the ovenbirds' numbers appear to be remaining stable. Altogether, it is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.[1][3]

In literature

It is the subject of a poem by Robert Frost, "The Oven Bird", published in his poetry collection Mountain Interval in 1916. Robert Bly also makes reference to "the nimble oven bird" in his short poem "The Slim Fir Seeds."

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2012). "Seiurus aurocapilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Curson, Jon; Quinn, David; Beadle, David (1994). New World Warblers. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6.
  4. 1 2 Lovette, IJ; Pérez-Emán, JL; Sullivan, JP; Banks, RC; Fiorentino, I; Córdoba-Córdoba, S; Echeverry-Galvis, M; Barker, FK; Burns, KJ (2010). "A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny for the wood-warblers and a revised classification of the Parulidae (Aves)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 57 (2): 753–70. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.018. PMID 20696258.
  5. ↑ Sibley, D. (2000). The Sibley Field Guide to Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
  6. ↑ David, N.; Gosselin, M. (2002). "Gender agreement of avian species names" (PDF). Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. 122 (1): 14–49. [Seiurus aurocapilla, item #169, p. 38].
  7. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Helm. pp. 62, 352. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. 1 2 Ovenbird, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-24.
  9. ↑ Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute-Seiurus aurocapilla. Biogeodb.stri.si.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-24.
  10. ↑ Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla). Planet of Birds (2011-06-08). Retrieved on 2012-08-24.
  11. ↑ Seiurus aurocapilla (Ovenbird). Global Species. Retrieved on 2012-08-24.
  12. ↑ e.g. a male wintering on Grand Cayman weighed 20.5 g (0.72 oz): Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F.; Meister, Charles A. (1981). "PDF fulltext Winter field notes and specimen weights of Cayman Island Birds" (PDF). Bull. B.O.C. 101 (3): 339–346.
  13. ↑  Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Oven-bird". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  14. ↑ Henninger, W. F. (1906). "A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 18 (2): 47–60.
  15. ↑ Ohio Ornithological Society (April 2004). "Annotated Ohio state checklist" (PDF).
  16. ↑ Rogers, M. J. et al. (2005). Report on rare birds in Great Britain in 2004. British Birds 98: 628–694 [Ovenbird, p. 688].
  17. ↑ E.g. of Cymbopetalum mayanum (Annonaceae): Foster, Mercedes S (2007). "The potential of fruit trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico". Bird Conservation International. 17: 45. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000554.
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