Spodomancy

An individual practicing spodomancy by making marks in ashes. The marks are then interpreted for meaning, omens, and portents.

Spodomancy (also known as tephramancy and tephromancy) is a form of divination by examining cinders, soot, or ashes (Greek: σποδός spodós), particularly although not exclusively from a ritual sacrifice.[1][2] Spodomancy has been practiced by numerous cultures, ancient and modern, across the globe. While many practitioners (particularly in Europe) have performed the ritual as part of a formal system of paranormal, religious, or ceremonial magic, many have done so as part of mere folkloric practice or superstition.

Similar practices

Spodomancy includes at least two and possibly three other divination practices and rituals involving cinders or ashes. These are:

Spodomancy is distinguishable from capnomancy, which is divination by observing smoke, and pyromancy (and its many subsidiary rituals), which is divination by observing burning things or coals (but not their ash or cinders).

Possible differences between tephramancy and tephromancy

Not all sources agree that tephramancy and tephromancy are synonyms. Some sources claim that tephramancy uses only the ash of tree bark, while tephromancy may use the ashes of any sacrifice.[7][8][9] Other sources claim, however, that tephramancy utilized only the ashes of human sacrificial victims.[10]

The rite, history, and global practice of spodomancy

Spodomancy is an ancient and globally widespread divination practice. The ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus (525 BC–456 BC) noted that ashes falling from a fireplace could be divined for portents.[11] A word, phrase, name, or question would be written in the ashes with a finger or stick. The individual would wait for a breeze to disturb the ashes, which would form new letters or omens and provide an answer.[12] Not everyone could practice the art. The gift of prophecy was believed to run in some Greek families, and only they were allowed to seek divination from the ashes left by fires on sacrificial altars.[13] In Ancient Thebes, the altar dedicated to Apollo was known as "Apollo of the Ashes" not only because the altar itself was composed of the ashes of human sacrificial victims but because ashes blowing off the altar could be divined for their portents.[14] The Etruscans of the Italian peninsula, whose civilization existed from 1200 BC to 550 BC, also practiced spodomancy in a fashion similar to the Greeks.[4][7] Romani (Gypsy) folklore says ashes can be cast onto the floor. Smooth, uniform ashes are a good omen, while a pile (or piles) of ashes indicate bad fortune.[15] During the Qin (221 BC–206 BC) and Han (206 BCE–220 CE) dynasties in China, a form of spodomancy was used in which the bones of sacrificial animals were raked out of fires and the marks in the ashes and cracks in the bones interpreted for their portents.[16] Several Native American tribes believed that they could divine the future of a newborn or a friend who had left on a journey by looking in the marks and lines left in the ashes of a fire the next morning.[17] From the 16th century to mid 19th century, unmarried English people would draw lines in smooth ashes. If another unmarried person sat down so that the line pointed to him or her, the line was an indication of a future spouse.[18][19] In Kent, this custom was used on Valentine's Day to divine who one should court.[18] Peruvians in the late 19th century would spread ashes on the floor the night after a funeral. The next morning, footprints and other marks in the ashes would indicate what kind of animal the dead person's soul had migrated into and the direction in which that animal might be found.[20] Among the Loma people of western Africa, spodomancy is still (as of the late 20th century) used to divine the sex of a child before birth.[21] Chinese people in Taiwan still use the ends of sedan chair poles to mark incense ash on altars, and then interpret the marks for divine communication.[22]

The Greco-Etruscan form of the practice seems to be the most common in Europe, historically.[23] But the rites of the practice varied widely even into the early Renaissance. In The Works of Rabelais, Book III (published in 1693), Sir Thomas Urquhart claimed that the ashes and soot must be allowed to rise naturally from the fire.[7] The ashes were interpreted as they rose. Ashes which dispersed quickly were a positive sign, but ashes which hung in the air were not.[7] Another tradition indicates that spodomancy may also be practiced by writing a question or message on a piece of paper and then burning it. The burned ashes and soot of the burned message were then examined for omens and interpretation.[8] In Slavonia, only women were permitted to practice spodomancy. A woman would scratch in the ashes. An even number of scratches meant a positive outcome, while an odd number meant bad luck.[7] In Poland, too, only women could practice the art. Ashes would be spread around the bed of a sick person, and the signs which appeared in the ashes were interpreted to indicate whether the person would become healthy again or not.[7] The practice of spodomancy continues to evolve even today. For example, modern Wiccans argue that the fire used by the spodomancer must be a sacred one.[24]

Some spodomantic rituals require the use of a certain writing surface. Most of the rituals outlined above indicate the use of the hearth, floor, or exterior ground as the place to spread ashes. But some examples of spodomancy call for the use of other types of surfaces. Consider the use of bone: Divination techniques closely related to spodomancy include osteomancy (divination using bones, particularly that practice which heats them to produce cracks which are portentious), plastromancy (divination using turtle plastrons), scapulimancy (divination using the shoulder blade; the Scottish term is slinneanachd), and sternomancy (divination using the sternum). However, in these practices, fire is used to cause cracks to appear in the bone. Ash may or may not be used to fill in these cracks, making them more visible. This is not spodomancy, however, as the cracks (not the ash itself) are being read. In Mongolia, however, a divinatory ritual exists in which scapulimancy and spodomancy are combined: A smooth layer of ashes is spread on the shoulder blade of a cow, sheep, or ox, and a lama is divinely inspired to make calculations in the ash which indicate answers to questions or the future.[25] Bone is not the only alternative surface used. Some ancient Greek rituals of spodomancy required that the ashes be spread on a plank of wood rather than the floor.[12]

In the Celtic pagan tradition, spodomancy did not necessarily require the reading of ashes themselves. The filidh were a class of poet-judge-seers who functioned as keepers of mythology and knowledge, historians, lawyers, arbitrators, linguistic experts, and more.[26] One branch of the filidh was expert solely in divination and dreams, and it was commonly believed that simply sleeping next to the ashes of an animal burned in a sacrificial fire could lead to knowledge about the future.[27]

Historical and modern writers consider spodomancy one of the least-familiar methods of divination.[28][29] Nonetheless, it was common enough in Spain in the late 16th century so that Archbishop of Seville and Grand Inquisitor Alonso Manrique de Lara had to openly ban the practice.[30] It also seems to have been widely practiced in northwestern Germany around the same time.[31]

Spodomancy and festivals

According to one account of the Celtic pagan tradition of the festival of Imbolc, cold ashes from the fireplace should be spread on the hearth.[2] In the morning, markings in the ash will indicate that the goddess Brigid has visited the home and has blessed the people living there.[2] If no markings are found, the body of a rooster must be buried at the confluence of three streams and incense burned on the fire the next evening.[32]

An English tradition of the 19th century ("riddling the ashes") involved spodomancy on St. Mark's Eve (April 24).[33][34] Ashes would be left on the hearth on St. Mark's Eve, and examined the next day.[33][34] Folklore said that the footprint of anyone who was to die in the coming year would be left in the ashes.[33][34] On the Isle of Man, a similar tradition was observed, although a death would occur only if the footprint pointed inward (an outward-pointing imprint would mean a birth).[34] Another Manx tradition has it that riddling the ashes on St. Mark's Eve or Halloween will allow the spirit-imprint of one's future husband to appear in the ashes the next morning.[35] Elsewhere in Europe, the riddling of the ashes to learn of births and deaths was observed on Halloween or New Year's Eve.[34][36]

Modern Wiccans advocate practicing spodomancy on Lammas or Lughnasadh (August 1).[37] Ashes from a bonfire or even a simple barbecue grill can be spread on the ground, and any symbols or images in the ashes interpreted.[37] Shapes in the ashes have a wide variety of meaning.[38]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Robertson, Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements, 1991, p. 192; Browne and Harrison, The Truth About Psychics: What's Real, What's Not, and How to Tell the Difference, 2009, p. 80; Maberry and Kramer, The Cryptopedia: A Dictionary of the Weird, Strange and Downright Bizarre, 2007, p. 95.
  2. 1 2 3 Amber K. and Azrael Arynn K., Candlemas: Feast of Flames, 2001, p. 95.
  3. ↑ Buckland, The Fortune-Telling Book: The Encyclopedia of Divination and Soothsaying, 2004, p. 102.
  4. 1 2 Del Rio, Investigations Into Magic, (originally published 1599-1600), reprint ed., 2000, p. 160.
  5. ↑ Pickover, Dreaming the Future: The Fantastic Story of Prediction, 2001, p. 137.
  6. ↑ McCoy, Advanced Witchcraft: Go Deeper, Reach Further, Fly Higher, 2004, p. 171.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Buckland, The Fortune-Telling Book: The Encyclopedia of Divination and Soothsaying, 2004, p. 479.
  8. 1 2 Pickover, Dreaming the Future: The Fantastic Story of Prediction, 2001, p. 183.
  9. ↑ Dunwich, Candlelight Spells: The Modern Witch's Book of Spellcasting, Feasting, and Healing, 1988, p. 153.
  10. ↑ Spence, An Encyclopædia of Occultism, 1920, p. 408; Ellison, The Solitary Druid: Walking the Path of Wisdom and Spirit, 2005, p. 58; Waite, A Manual of Cartomancy and Occult Divination, 1995, p. 236; Robertson, Robertson's Words for a Modern Age: A Cross Reference of Latin and Greek Combining Elements, 1991, p. 193.
  11. ↑ Buckland, The Fortune-Telling Book: The Encyclopedia of Divination and Soothsaying, 2004, p. 231.
  12. 1 2 Robinson, Archaeologia Graeca, or, The Antiquities of Greece, 1807, p. 281.
  13. ↑ Fairbanks, A Handbook of Greek Religion, 1910, p. 56.
  14. ↑ Detienne, The Writing of Orpheus: Greek Myth in Cultural Contact, 2003, p. 74.
  15. ↑ Madame Juno, The Gypsy Queen Dream Book and Fortune Teller, 2005, p. 15.
  16. ↑ Twitchett and Fairbank, The Cambridge History of China: The Ch'in and Han Empires 221 B.C.-A.D. 220, 1986, p. 675.
  17. ↑ Emerson, Indian Myths or, Legends, Traditions, and Symbols of the Aborigines of America..., 1884, p. 110.
  18. 1 2 Soane, New Curiosities of Literature and Book of the Months, 1849, p. 271.
  19. ↑ Fox, Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500-1700, 2000, p. 180-181.
  20. ↑ Hastings, Selbie, and Gray, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, 1908, p. 491.
  21. ↑ Højbjerg, Resisting State Iconoclasm Among the Loma of Guinea, 2007, p. 164-165.
  22. ↑ Stafford, The Roads of Chinese Childhood: Learning and Identification in Angang, 1995, p. 194, note 7.
  23. ↑ Lea, Materials Toward a History of Witchcraft, 1939, p. 499.
  24. ↑ Tuitéan and Daniels, Essential Wicca, 2001, p. 425.
  25. ↑ Hyer and Jagchid, A Mongolian Living Buddha: Biography of the Kanjurwa Khutughtu, 1983, p. 119.
  26. ↑ Mountain, The Celtic Encyclopedia, 1998, p. 266.
  27. ↑ Mountain, The Celtic Encyclopedia, 1998, p. 267.
  28. ↑ Thorndike, History of Magic and Experimental Science, 1992, p. 282.
  29. ↑ Bodin, On the Demon-Mania of Witches, (originally published in 1580), reprtint ed., 1995, p. 92.
  30. ↑ Pepper and Wilcock, Magical and Mystical Sites: Europe and the British Isles, 2000, p. 128-129.
  31. ↑ Cameron, Enchanted Europe: Superstition, Reason, and Religion, 1250-1750, 2010, p. 64.
  32. ↑ Amber K. and Azrael Arynn K., Candlemas: Feast of Flames, 2001, p. 95-96.
  33. 1 2 3 Wright, Rustic Speech and Folk-Lore, 1913, p. 264.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Radford, Hole, and Radford, The Encyclopedia of Superstitions, 1996, p. 24.
  35. ↑ Rhys, Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx, 2004, p. 266.
  36. ↑ Zell-Ravenheart and Zell-Ravenheart, Creating Circles and Ceremonies: Rituals for All Seasons and Reasons, 2006, p. 241.
  37. 1 2 Franklin and Mason, Lammas: Celebrating Fruits of the First Harvest, 2001, p. 105.
  38. ↑ Franklin and Mason, Lammas: Celebrating Fruits of the First Harvest, 2001, p. 105-109.

Bibliography

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/30/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.