Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago

Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago

Brazilian Navy scientific station and lighthouse of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago
Geography
Location Atlantic Ocean
Coordinates 00°55′1″N 29°20′45″W / 0.91694°N 29.34583°W / 0.91694; -29.34583Coordinates: 00°55′1″N 29°20′45″W / 0.91694°N 29.34583°W / 0.91694; -29.34583
Archipelago Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo
Total islands 15[1]
Major islands Belmonte, Challenger, Nordeste, Cabral, South
Area 15,000 m2 (160,000 sq ft)[1]
Highest elevation 17 m (56 ft)[1]
Administration
Brazil
Region Northeast
State Pernambuco
Demographics
Population 4[2]
Additional information
Official website
Map of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago

The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Portuguese: Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo) is a group of 15 small islets and rocks in the central equatorial Atlantic Ocean.[3] It lies in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, a region of the Atlantic characterized by low average winds punctuated with local thunderstorms. It is a special municipality of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco and lies approximately 510 nmi (940 km; 590 mi) from the Brazilian northeastern coastal town of Touros, 625 km (388 mi) northeast of the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, 990 km (620 mi) from the city of Natal, and 1,824 km (1,133 mi) from the west coast of Africa.

The islets expose serpentinized abyssal mantle peridotite and kaersutite-bearing ultramafic mylonite on the top of the second-largest megamullion in the world (after the Parece Vela megamullion under Okinotorishima in the Pacific) and the highest one in the world. It is the only location on the Atlantic Ocean where the abyssal mantle is exposed above sea level.[4]

In 1986, the archipelago was designated an environmentally protected area.[5] This is now part of the Fernando de Noronha Environmental Protection Area.[6] Since 1998, the Brazilian Navy has maintained a permanently manned research facility on the islands.[2] The main economic activity around the islets is tuna fishing.

History

1839
Periscope eyeview - USS Triton (1960)

On April 20, 1511, a Portuguese Navy fleet composed of six caravels under the command of Captain Garcia de Noronha discovered the islets by accident while on their journey to India. While navigating in open sea at late night, the Saint Peter caravel, under the command of Captain Manuel de Castro Alcoforado, crashed against the islets. The crew was rescued by the Saint Paul caravel, forming the name given to the islets.[4]

On the morning of February 16, 1832, the rocks were visited by Charles Darwin on the first leg of his voyage on HMS Beagle around the world. Darwin listed all the fauna he could find; noting that not a single plant or even a lichen could be found on the island. Darwin found two birds, a booby and a noddy, a large crab that stole the fish intended for baby birds, a fly that lived on the booby and a parasitic tick. He found a moth that lived on feathers, a beetle, a woodlouse that lived on dung, and numerous spiders that he thought lived on scavengers of the waterfowl. Darwin felt that these rocks represented how life first took hold on a newly formed outcrop.[7] Darwin was correct in noting that, unusually, these small islands were not volcanic, but were instead formed by a geologic uplift.[4] Darwin's account formed the basis of a fictionalized episode in Patrick O'Brian's historical novel HMS. Surprise, when the naturalist Stephen Maturin is briefly marooned and survives by drinking fouled rainwater and the blood of boobies.[8]

The then called “St. Paul's Rocks” were visited by James Clark Ross on 29 November 1839. He was in charge of an expedition to the Antarctic regions with two vessels, the HMS Erebus and the HMS Terror. Robert McCormick gave some geological and biological remarks on St. Paul's Rocks in the report on the expedition.[9]

Another famous person to visit the rocks was Ernest Shackleton, on his last expedition to Antarctica (1921-1922).[4]

In 1942, during World War II, the islets were declared to be part of the Federal Territory of Fernando de Noronha (which also included the Rocas Atoll).

In early 1960, the rocks served as the starting-point and terminus for the first submerged circumnavigation of the world by the American nuclear-powered submarine USS Triton.[10]

Scientific station

On June 25, 1998, the Brazilian Navy inaugurated the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago Scientific Station (Portuguese: Estação Científica do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo; ECASPSP). The station is manned with four researchers, who are rotated in and out every 15 days.[11] By maintaining permanent occupation of the archipelago, the Brazilian Navy extends Brazil's Exclusive Economic Zone, territorial waters and airspace into the North Atlantic Ocean.[12]

On June 5–6, 2006, an earthquake with a magnitude of above six on the Richter scale rocked the archipelago. The strong tidal surge following the earthquake caused the battery compartment to crash against the station's outer wall, allowing sea water to flood the station. The four researchers who were on the archipelago took shelter in the lighthouse, while maintaining constant contact with the Brazilian Navy. A fishing vessel located nearby rescued the researchers, who were then transferred to a Brazilian Navy patrol boat. The incident caused considerable damage to the station and equipment.[13] The station was repaired on September 9–11, 2006, and became operational shortly after.[14]

In 2007, the Brazilian Navy started to build a new scientific station on the archipelago.[11] Construction began on July 24, 2007, and was completed on June 25, 2008.[11] The new station was built with seismic isolation, and is considerably larger and better equipped than the previous one.[15] The station is composed of a main building - equipped with reverse osmosis salt water desalination system, photovoltaics system and satellite communications system; deposits and a mooring dock.[3][16]

The Brazilian Navy also maintains a lighthouse on the archipelago, (ARLHS: SPP-001), built in 1995 to replace a previous one from 1930.[4][17]

Air France Flight 447

On June 1, 2009, Air France Flight 447, an Airbus A330-200 en route from Rio de Janeiro to Paris was reported missing and is presumed to have crashed off the coast of Fernando de Noronha. Fragments from the aircraft were found near the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago.[18]

Geography

The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks are situated in the Atlantic Ocean, 100 km (62 mi) north of the Equator and are the only group of Brazilian oceanic islets in the Northern Hemisphere. The nearest point in the Brazilian coast, is Cabo do Calcanhar, Rio Grande do Norte, approximately 1,010 kilometres (630 mi) from the archipelago. The total emerged area is about 4.2 acres (1.7 ha) and the maximum land elevation is 18 m (59 ft), on Nordeste Island. The archipelago is composed of several rocks, five small rocky islets and four larger islets:[4][19]

Their base is over 3,650 metres (11,980 ft) below sea level.[4]

None of the islets has a permanent fresh water supply available.[4]

Biology

Only the largest of the islets, Belmonte, is vegetated with mosses and grasses. The other rocks are mostly barren, except for some sea algae and fungi that can tolerate the salt spray. The rocks are inhabited by seabirds, including the brown booby (Sula leucogaster), brown noddy (Anous stolidus), and black noddy (Anous minutus), as well as crabs (Grapsus grapsus), insects and spiders.[20]

References

  1. 1 2 3 The Scientific Station of São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago Alvarez, Cristina; Melo, Julio; Mello, Roberto L. Retrieved on 2009-07-14.
  2. 1 2 Programa Arquipélago Brazilian Navy. Retrieved on 2009-07-16. (Portuguese)
  3. 1 2 The scientific station of São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago - Brazil Alvarez, Cristina E., Melo, Julio E., Mello, Roberto L. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago Campos, T.F.C.; Virgens Neto, J.; Srivastava, N.K.; Petta, R.A.; Harmann, L.A.; Moraes, J.F.S.; Mendes, L.; Silveira, S.R.M. Retrieved on 2006-12-31.
  5. ↑ Decree 92755 of 5 June 1986 Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2009-07-16.
  6. ↑ Área de Proteção Ambiental Fernando de Noronha - Rocas - São Pedro e São Paulo (in Portuguese), Parque Nacional Marinho Fernando de Noronha, retrieved 2016-04-21
  7. ↑ Darwin's description from Voyage of the Beagle Retrieved on 2009-07-16.
  8. ↑
    • O'Brian, Patrick: H.M.S. Surprise, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1973, Chapter 5, page 117.
  9. ↑ Ross (1847), pp. 15-17, vol.1.
  10. ↑ Beach, Edward L. (1962). Around the world submerged: the voyage of the Triton. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 102–105, 257. ISBN 1-55750-215-3. OCLC 1292457.
  11. 1 2 3 Nova Era no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo Brazilian Navy. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
  12. ↑ Lançamento da nova Estação Científica do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo Brazilian Navy. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
  13. ↑ Acidente no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo Brazilian Navy. Retrieved on 2009-07-16. (Portuguese)
  14. ↑ Recuperação da Estação Científica do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (ECASPSP) Brazilian Navy. Retrieved on 2009-07-16. (Portuguese).
  15. ↑ A construção da nova Estação Científica Brazilian Navy. Retrieved on 2009-07-16. (Portuguese)
  16. ↑ Manual do Pesquisador Brazilian Navy. Retrieved on 2009-07-16. (Portuguese)
  17. ↑ "ARLHS: SPP-001". ARLHS. 2006-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  18. ↑ Air France Flight 447
  19. ↑ Feitoza, Bertran M; Rocha, Luiz A.; Luiz-Junior, Osmar J.; Floeter, Sergio R.; Gasparini, Joao L. (May 2003). "Reef fishes of St. Paul's Rocks: new records and notes on biology and zoogeography" (PDF). Aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology. 7 (3): 1–22. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  20. ↑ Série de reportagens sobre o arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo e as ilhas de Trindade e Martim Vaz O Globo. Retrieved on 2009-07-16. (Portuguese)

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:São Pedro e São Paulo.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article St Paul's Rocks.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/24/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.