Subthalamus

Subthalamus
Coronal slices of human brain showing the basal ganglia, subthalamic nucleus (STN) and substantia nigra (SN). STN is in subthalamus; SN is not.
Identifiers
MeSH	A08.186.211.730.385.800
NeuroNames	hier-417
NeuroLex ID	Subthalamus
TA	A14.1.08.201 A14.1.08.701
FMA	62010
*Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy* [edit on Wikidata]

The subthalamus or prethalamus is a part of the diencephalon.^[1] Its most prominent structure is the subthalamic nucleus. The subthalamus connects to the globus pallidus, a basal nucleus of the telencephalon.^[2]

Structure

The subthalamus is located ventral to the thalamus, medial to the internal capsule and lateral to the hypothalamus. It is a region formed by several grey matter nuclei and their associated white matter structures, namely:^[3]

The subthalamic nucleus, whose neurons contain glutamate and have excitatory effects over neurons of globus pallidus and substantia nigra
Zona incerta, located between fields of Forel H₁ and H₂. It is continuous with the thalamic reticular nucleus and receives input from the precentral cortex.
Subthalamic fasciculus, formed by fibers that connect the globus pallidus with the subthalamic nucleus
Fields of Forel
Ansa lenticularis

During development the subthalamus is continuous with the hypothalamus, but is separated by white matter fibres mainly from the internal capsule. Caudally, the subthalamus or prethalamus is separated from the thalamus by the zona limitans intrathalamica.

Postnatally, the subthalamus lies beneath the thalamus, hence 'sub' (meaning below) 'thalamus'. It also lies dorsolateral to the hypothalamus.

The subthalamus develops efferent (output) connections to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) in the telencephalon, to the dorsal thalamus (medial and lateral nuclear groups) in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon. It receives afferent (input) connections from the substantia nigra and striatum.

↑ "subthalamus". Archived from the original on November 26, 2007.
↑ "Theme atlas of anatomy: head and neuroanathomy".
↑ Carpenter, M. (1991). Core Text of Neuroanatomy. Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0683014570.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subthalamus.

Surface	Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure

Grey matter	Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ

Surface	Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami

Grey matter/ nuclei	paired: AN Ventral VA/VL VP/VPM/VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline: MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion

White matter	Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae

Surface

Autonomic zones	Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss) Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)

Endocrine	posterior pituitary: Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin/vasopressin other: Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH) Preoptic (GnRH) Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)

Emotion	Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial

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