Tansy

For other uses, see Tansy (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with tansy ragwort or tansy mustard.
Tansy
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Tanacetum
Species: T. vulgare
Binomial name
Tanacetum vulgare
L.
Illustration of a tansy

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant of the aster family, native to temperate Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to other parts of the world including North America, and in some areas has become invasive. It is also known as common tansy,[1] bitter buttons, cow bitter, or golden buttons.

Description

Blue tansy (Tanacetum annuum) essential oil in a clear glass vial, not to be confused with the oil from common Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) which is not blue.

Tansy is a flowering herbaceous plant with finely divided compound leaves and yellow, button-like flowers. It has a stout, somewhat reddish, erect stem, usually smooth, 50–150 cm (20–59 in) tall, and branching near the top. The leaves are alternate, 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long and are pinnately lobed, divided almost to the center into about seven pairs of segments, or lobes, which are again divided into smaller lobes having saw-toothed edges, giving the leaf a somewhat fernlike appearance. The roundish, flat-topped, button-like, yellow flower heads are produced in terminal clusters from mid-to-late summer. The scent is similar to that of camphor with hints of rosemary. The leaves and flowers are toxic if consumed in large quantities; the volatile oil contains toxic compounds including thujone, which can cause convulsions and liver and brain damage. Some insects, notably the tansy beetle Chrysolina graminis, have resistance to the toxins and subsist almost exclusively on the plant.

History and distribution

Tansy is native to Eurasia; it is found in almost all parts of mainland Europe, as well as Britain and Ireland. It is absent from Siberia and some of the Mediterranean islands.[2] The ancient Greeks may have been the first to cultivate it as a medicinal herb.[3] In the sixteenth century it was considered to be "necessary for a garden" in Britain.[4]

History of uses

Tansy has a long history of use. It was first recorded as being cultivated by the ancient Greeks for medicinal purposes. In the 8th century AD it was grown in the herb gardens of Charlemagne and by Benedictine monks of the Swiss monastery of Saint Gall. Tansy was used to treat intestinal worms, rheumatism, digestive problems, fevers, sores, and to “bring out” measles.[3][5][6][7][8]

During the Middle Ages and later, high doses were used to induce abortions.[6][9][10] Contradictorily, tansy was also used to help women conceive and to prevent miscarriages.[5][6][11] In the 15th century, Christians began serving tansy with Lenten meals to commemorate the bitter herbs eaten by the Israelites.[8][11] Tansy was thought to have the added Lenten benefits of controlling flatulence brought on by days of eating fish and pulses[5][6] and of preventing the intestinal worms believed to be caused by eating fish during Lent.[12]

Tansy was used as a face wash and was reported to lighten and purify the skin.[5][6] In the 19th century, Irish folklore suggested that bathing in a solution of tansy and salts would cure joint pain.[13] Although most of its medicinal uses have been discredited, tansy is still a component of some medicines and is listed by the United States Pharmacopeia as a treatment for fevers, feverish colds, and jaundice.[3][6][11]

Insect repellent

Tansy has also been cultivated and used for its insect repellent and in the worm warding type of embalming.[3][6][7] It was packed into coffins, wrapped in funeral winding sheets, and tansy wreaths were sometimes placed on the dead.[3][6][7][11] Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard University, was buried wearing a tansy wreath in a coffin packed with tansy; when “God’s Acre” was moved in 1846 the tansy had maintained its shape and fragrance, helping to identify the president’s remains.[3][6][11] By the 19th century, tansy was used so much at New England funerals that people began to disdain it for its morbid association with death.[6][8]

During the American colonial period, meat was frequently rubbed with or packed in tansy leaves to repel insects and delay spoilage.[3][6][11] Tansy was frequently worn at that time in shoes to prevent malaria and other fevers;[6][11] it has been shown, however, that some mosquito species including Culex pipiens take nectar from tansy flowers.[14]

Tansy can be used as in companion planting and for biological pest control. It is planted alongside potatoes to repel the Colorado potato beetle, with one study finding tansy reduced the beetle population by 60 to 100%.[6][15][16]

In England tansy is placed on window sills to repel flies; sprigs are placed in bed linen to drive away pests, and it has been used as an ant repellent.[17]

In the 1940s, distilled tansy oil mixed with fleabane, pennyroyal and diluted alcohol was a well known mosquito repellent; collectors were paid five cents a pound for tansy in full bloom.[6][18] Research has found that tansy extracts do indeed repel mosquitoes, but not as effectively as products containing DEET.[6][19] In 2008, researchers in Sweden investigated the use of tansy to repel ticks, showing a 64–72% repellency for each oil constituent.[20]

Toxicity

Tansy flower: detail.

Many tansy species contain a volatile oil which can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals. If taken internally, toxic metabolites are produced as the oil is broken down in the liver and digestive tract. It is highly toxic to internal parasites, and for centuries tansy tea has been prescribed by herbalists to expel worms. Tansy is an effective insecticide and is highly toxic to arthropods.[21] Because it contains thujone, the U.S. FDA limits the use of tansy to alcoholic beverages, and the final product must be thujone-free.[22] Tanacetum annuum is often confused with common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) but the former produces an essential oil that is completely different chemically as it contains no thujone and high amounts of chamazulene making the oil dark blue in color, giving rise to it common name of Blue Tansy Oil.[23][24] Despite claims by some unethical resellers of essential oils who adulterate the very expensive Blue Tansy (Tanacetum annuum) oil with the much cheaper oil from Tanacetum vulgare, it should be noted that the oil from Tanacetum vulgare is never blue in color as it contains no chamazulene.[25][26] For this reason a high thujone oil from Tanacetum vulgare should never be referred to as "Blue Tansy" oil and any such blue oil containing significant thujone is an adulterated product.

The active components of the volatile oil include 1,8-cineole, trans-thujone, camphor and myrtenol, with the quantities and proportions of each varying seasonally and from plant to plant.[6][19][27][28][29]

1,8-Cineole is a toxin believed to defend the plant leaves against attacks by herbivores.[27][28]

Culinary uses

Tansy foil

Tansy was formerly used as a flavoring for puddings and omelets, but is now almost unknown. The herbalist John Gerard (c. 1545–1612) noted that tansy was well known as “pleasant in taste”, and he recommends tansy sweetmeats as “an especial thing against the gout, if every day for a certain space a reasonable quantitie thereof be eaten fasting.” In Yorkshire, tansy and caraway seeds were traditionally used in biscuits served at funerals.[12]

During the Restoration, a "tansy" was a sweet omelette flavoured with tansy juice. In the BBC documentary "The Supersizers go ... Restoration", Allegra McEvedy described the flavour as "fruity, sharpness to it and then there's a sort of explosion of cool heat a bit like peppermint." [30] However, the programme's presenter Sue Perkins experienced tansy toxicity.

According to liquor historian A. J. Baime, in the 19th century Tennessee whiskey magnate Jack Daniel enjoyed drinking his own whiskey with sugar and crushed tansy leaf.

Ethnomedical use

For many years, tansy has been used as a medicinal herb despite its toxicity. 19th-century Irish folklore suggests bathing in a solution of tansy and salt as a cure for joint pain.[13] A bitter tea made with tansy flowers has been used for centuries as an anthelmintic to treat parasitic worm infestations, and tansy cakes were traditionally eaten during Lent because it was believed that eating fish during Lent caused intestinal worms.[12] Various Tanacetum species are used ethnomedically to treat migraine, neuralgia and rheumatism and as anthelmintics. Traditionally, tansy was often used for its emmenagogue effects to bring on menstruation or end an unwanted pregnancy, and pregnant women are advised to not use this herb.[31] Research published in 2011 identified 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) and axillarin in tansy as antiviral compounds that are active against herpes simplex virus.[32]

Among Native Americans

The Cherokee use an infusion of the plant for backache, use the plant as a tonic, and wear it around the waist and in shoes to prevent miscarriages.[33] The Cheyenne use an infusion of the pulverized leaves and blossoms for dizziness and weakness.[34]

Other uses

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

Some traditional dyers use tansy to produce a golden-yellow color.[35] The yellow flowers are dried for use in floral arrangements.

Tansy is also used as a companion plant, especially with cucurbits like cucumbers and squash, or with roses or various berries. It is thought to repel ants, cucumber beetles, Japanese beetles, squash bugs, and some kinds of flying insects, among others.

Dried tansy is used by some bee-keepers as fuel in a bee smoker.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Tanacetum vulgare". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  2. ↑ Zohary, D.; Heywood, V.H. (1997). "A Catalogue of the Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants Native to Europe". Bocconea.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 LeCain, Ron; Sheley, Roger (2006). "Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-10-30.
  4. ↑ Harvey, John H. "Garden plants of around 1525: the Fromond list": 122–134.
  5. 1 2 3 4 LeStrange, Richard (1977). A History of Herbal Plants. London: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-95645-6.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Mitich, Larry W. (March 1992). "Tansy". Weed Technology. 6: 242–4.
  7. 1 2 3 Zimdahl, Richard (1989). Weeds and Words. Ames: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0-8138-0128-1.
  8. 1 2 3 Durant, Mary (1976). Who Named the Daisy? Who Named the Rose?. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
  9. ↑ Kingsbury, John Merriam (1964). Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-685016-2.
  10. ↑ "Illinois Wildflowers". Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Haughton, Claire Shaver (1980). Green Immigrants. New York: Harcourt Brace. ISBN 0-15-636492-1.
  12. 1 2 3 Sumner, Judith (2004). American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620–1900. Portland, Or: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-652-3.
  13. 1 2 Egan, F.A. (1887). "Irish Folk-Lore. Medical Plants". The Folk-Lore Journal. 5 (1): 11–13.
  14. ↑ Andersson, I.H., Jaeson, T.G.T. (1987). "Nectar feeding by mosquitoes in Sweden, with special reference to Culex pipiens and Cx. torrentium". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1987.tb00323.x. PMID 2979521.
  15. ↑ Schearer, W.R. (1984). "Components of oil of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) that repel Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)". Journal of Natural Products. 47 (6): 964–9. doi:10.1021/np50036a009.
  16. ↑ LeCain, R., Sheley, R. (2002). "Common tansy Tanacetum vulgare". Montana State University Extension Service.
  17. ↑ Drury, S. (1992). "Plants and Pest Control in England circa 1400–1700: A Preliminary Study". Folklore. 103: 103–6. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1992.9715833.
  18. ↑ Georgia, A.E. (1942). A Manual of Weeds. New York: MacMillan.
  19. 1 2 DePooter, H.L., Vermeesch, J., Schamp, N.M. (1989). Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1 (1): 9–13. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ↑ Pålsson K, Jaenson TG, Baeckström P, Borg-Karlson AK (January 2008). "Tick repellent substances in the essential oil of Tanacetum vulgare". Journal of Medical Entomology. 45 (1): 88–93. doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[88:TRSITE]2.0.CO;2. PMID 18283947.
  21. ↑ Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
  22. ↑ Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption. Food and Drug Administration (2007). Retrieved Mar 30, 2008.
  23. ↑ J. Essent. Oil Res., Vol. 11, 343-348 (1999)
  24. ↑ J. Essent. Oil Res., Vol. 12, 122-124 (Jan/Feb 2000)
  25. ↑ J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52 (6), pp 1742–1748
  26. ↑ J. Nat. Prod., 1984, 47 (6), pp 964–969
  27. 1 2 Jacobs, J. (2008). "Ecological Management of Common Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.)" (PDF). Invasive Species Technical Note # MT-18. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
  28. 1 2 Judzentiene, A., Mockute, D. (2005). "The inflorescence and leaf essential oils of Tanacetum vulgare L. var. vulgare growing wild in Lithuania". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 33 (5): 487–498. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2004.11.003.
  29. ↑ Keskitalo, M., Pehu E., Simon, J.E. (2001). "Variation in volatile compounds from tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) related to genetic and morphological differenced of genotypes". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 29 (3): 267–285. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00056-9. PMID 11152946.
  30. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCfx98Ei5lM&feature=related and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCiBMDhs5p0&feature=related
  31. ↑ Martin, Corinne (2000). Herbal Remedies from the Wild. Woodstock, Vermont: The Countryman Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 0-88150-485-8.
  32. ↑ Ángel, L. Álvarez; Solomon Habtemariam, Juan-Badaturuge Malindra, Caroline Jackson, and Francisco Parra (2011). "In vitro anti HSV-1 and HSV-2 activity of Tanacetum vulgare extracts and isolated compounds: An approach to their mechanisms of action". Phytotherapy Research. 25 (2): 296–301. doi:10.1002/ptr.3382. PMID 21171142. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  33. ↑ Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 58)
  34. ↑ Grinnell, George Bird 1972 The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2. Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press (p. 190)
  35. ↑ Suomi, Paivi (2001). "A Dyer's Walk". Retrieved 2007-05-13.

References

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