Taxonomy of invertebrates (Brusca & Brusca, 2003)

The taxonomy of invertebrates as proposed by Richard C. Brusca and Gary J. Brusca in 2003 is a system of classification with emphasis on the invertebrates, in other words, a way to classify animals, primarily those which have no backbone.^[1]

Prokaryotes

Further information: Prokaryotes

Kingdom Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Kingdom Archaea (Archaebacteria)

Eukaryotes (Eukaryota, or Eukarya)

Further information: Eukaryotes

Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae (= Metaphyta)
Kingdom Protista

Phylum Euglenida
Phylum Kinetoplastida
Alveolata phyla

Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Dinoflagellata

Phylum Stramenopila
Phylum Rhizopoda
Phylum Actinopoda
Phylum Granuloreticulosa
Phylum Diplomonadida
Phylum Parabasilida
Phylum Cryptomonada
Phylum Microspora
Phylum Ascetospora
Phylum Choanoflagellata
Phylum Chlorophyta
Phylum Opalinida
Incertae sedis: Genus Stephanopogon

Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)

Further information: Metazoa

Parazoa

Further information: Parazoa

Phylum Porifera

Phylum Porifera

Class Calcarea

Subclass Calcinea
Subclass Calcaronea

Class Hexactinellida

Subclass Amphidiscophora
Subclass Hexasterophora

Class Demospongiae

Mesozoa

Further information: Mesozoa

Order Dicyemida
Order Heterocyemida

Phylum Orthonectida

Phylum Orthonectida

Eumetazoa

Further information: Eumetazoa

Radiata

Further information: Radiata

Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Hydrozoa

Order Hydroida

Suborder Anthomedusae (= Gymnoblastea or Athecata)
Suborder Leptomedusae (= Calyptoblastea or Thecata)

Order Trachylina
Order Siphonophora
Order Chondrophora
Order Actinulida

Class Anthozoa

Subclass Octocorallia (= Alcyonaria)

Order Alcyonacea
Order Gastraxonacea
Order Gorgonacea
Order Helioporacea
Order Pennatulacea
Order Protoalcyonaria
Order Stolonifera
Order Telestacea

Subclass Hexacorallia (= Zoantharia)

Subclass Ceriantipatharia

Order Antipatharia
Order Ceriantharia

Class Cubozoa
Class Scyphozoa

Order Stauromedusae
Order Coronatae
Order Semaeostomae
Order Rhizostomae

Phylum Ctenophora

Phylum Ctenophora

Order Beroida
Order Cestida
Order Cydippida
Order Ganeshida
Order Lobata
Order Platyctenida
Order Thalassocalycida

Bilateria

Further information: Bilateria

The authors divide the bilaterians in three informal groups:

acoelomates (phyla Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora)
blastocoelomate (or pseducoelomate, phyla Rotifera, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Loricifera)
coelomates (or eucoelomates, phyla Nemertea, Priapula, Annelida, Sipuncula, Echiura, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, Chordata).

Several groups traditionally viewed as having a blastocoelomate condition are viewed here as acoelomates (e.g., Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida).

Some of the coelomates groups (e.g., Arthropoda, Mollusca) have greatly reduced celomic spaces; often the main body cavity is a bloodfilled space called a hemocoel, and is associated with an open circulatory system.

The Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta and Phoronida are viewed as lophophorates.

In a phylogeny,^[2] the bilaterians are divided in:

Protostomia

Deuterostomia

Chordata

Hemichordata

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Turbellaria

Order Acoela
Order Catenulida
Order Haplopharyngida
Order Lecithoepitheliata
Order Macrostomida
Order Nemertodermatida
Order Polycladida
Order Prolecithophora
Order Proplicastomata
Order Proseriata
Order Rhabdocoela

Suborder Dalyellioida
Suborder Thyphloplanoida
Suborder Kalyptorhynchia
Suborder Temnocephalida

Order Tricladida

Class Monogenea

Subclass Monopisthocotylea
Subclass Polyopisthocotylea

Class Trematoda

Subclass Digenea
Subclass Aspidogastrea

Class Cestoda

Subclass Cestodaria
Subclass Eucestoda

Phylum Nemertea

Phylum Nemertea

Class Anopla
Class Enopla

Phylum Rotifera

Phylum Rotifera

Class Digonata

Order Seisonidea
Order Bdelloidea

Class Monogononta

Phylum Gastrotricha

Phylum Gastrotricha

Order Macrodasyida
Order Chaetonotida

Suborder Multitubulatina
Suborder Paucitubulatina

Phylum Kinorhyncha

Phylum Kinorhyncha

Order Cyclorhagida
Order Homalorhagida

Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata)

Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata)

Class Adenophorea (= Aphasmida)

Subclass Enoplia
Subclass Chromadoria

Class Secernentea (= Phasmida)

Subclass Rhabditia
Subclass Spiruria
Subclass Diplogasteria

Phylum Nematomorpha

Phylum Nematomorpha

Order Nectonematoidea
Order Gordioidea

Phylum Priapula

Phylum Priapula

Family Priapulidae
Family Tubiluchidae
Family Maccabeidae (= Chaetostephanidae)

Phylum Acanthocephala

Phylum Acanthocephala

Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)

Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)

Family Loxosomatidae
Family Loxokalypodidae
Family Pedicellinidae
Family Barentsiidae

Phylum Gnathostomulida

Phylum Gnathostomulida

Order Filospermoidea
Order Bursovaginoidea

Phylum Loricifera

Phylum Loricifera

Order Nanaloricida

Family Nanaloricidae
Family Pliciloricidae

Phylum Cycliophora

Phylum Cycliophora

Symbion pandora

Phylum Annelida

Phylum Annelida

Class Polychaeta, with 25 orders and 87 families (not all are listed)

Order Capitellida
Order Chaetopterida
Order Cirratulida
Order Eunicida
Order Myzostomida
Order Opheliida
Order Spionida
Order Orbiniida
Order Oweniida
Order Phyllodocida
Order Sabellida
Order Terebellida

Class Clitellata

Subclass Oligochaeta

Order Lumbriculida

Family Lumbriculidae

Order Moniligastrida

Family Moniligastridae

Order Haplotaxida, with 25 families (not all are listed)

Family Almidae
Family Megascolecidae
Family Tubificidae
Family Naididae
Family Lumbricidae

Subclass Hirudinoidea

Order Acanthobdellida
Order Branchiobdellida
Order Hirudinida

Phylum Sipuncula

Phylum Sipuncula

Class Phascolosomida

Order Aspidosiphoniformes
Order Phascolosomiformes

Class Sipunculida

Order Golfingiaformes

Family Themistidae
Family Phascolionidae
Family Golfingiidae

Order Sipunculiformes

Phylum Echiura

Phylum Echiura

Order Echiuroinea
Order Xenopneusta
Order Heteromyota

Phylum Onychophora

Phylum Onychophora

Family Peripatidae
Family Peripatopsidae

Phylum Tardigrada

Phylum Tardigrada

Phylum Arthropoda

Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Subphylum Crustacea

Order Anostraca
Order Notostraca
Order Diplostraca

Suborder Laevicaudata
Suborder Spinicaudata
Suborder Cyclestherida
Suborder Cladocera

Class Malacostraca

Subclass Phyllocarida

Order Lepstostraca

Subclass Eumalacostraca

Superorder Hoplocarida

Order Stomatopoda

Superorder Syncarida

Order Bathynellacea
Order Anaspidacea

Superorder Eucarida

Order Euphausiacea
Order Amphionidacea
Order Decapoda

Suborder Dendrobranchiata
Suborder Pleocyemata

Infraorder Caridea
Infraorder Stenopodidea
Infraorder Brachyura
Infraorder Anomura
Infraorder Astacidea
Infraorder Palinura
Infraorder Thalassinidea

Superorder Peracarida

Order Mysida
Order Lophogastrida
Order Cumacea
Order Tanaidacea
Order Mictacea
Order Spelaeogriphacea
Order Thermosbaenacea
Order Isopoda

Suborder Anthuridea
Suborder Asellota
Suborder Calabozoidea
Suborder Epicaridea
Suborder Flabellifera
Suborder Gnathiidea
Suborder Oniscidea
Suborder Phreatoicidea
Suborder Valvifera

Order Amphipoda

Suborder Gammaridea
Suborder Hyperiidea
Suborder Caprellidea
Suborder Ingolfiellidea

Class Maxillopoda

Subclass Thecostraca

Infraclass Facetotecta
Infraclass Ascothoracida
Infraclass Cirripedia

Superorder Acrothoracica
Superorder Rhizocephala
Superorder Thoracica

Subclass Tantulocarida
Subclass Branchiura
Subclass Pentastomida
Subclass Mystacocarida
Subclass Copepoda

Infraclass Progymnoplea

Order Platycopioida

Infraclass Neocopepoda

Subclass Ostracoda

Superorder Myodocopa

Order Myodocopida
Order Halocyprida

Superorder Podocopa

Order Podocopida
Order Platycopida
Order Palaeocopida

Subphylum Hexapoda

Class Entognatha

Order Collembola
Order Protura
Order Diplura

Class Insecta

Subclass Archaeognatha

Order Archaeognatha (= Microcoryphia)

Subclass Zygentoma

Order Thysanura

Subclass Pterygota

Infraclass Palaeoptera

Order Ephemeroptera
Order Odonata

Infraclass Neoptera

Order Plecoptera
Order Blattodea
Order Isoptera
Order Mantodea
Order Phasmida (= Phasmatoptera)
Order Grylloblattodea
Order Dermaptera
Order Orthoptera
Order Mantophasmatodea
Order Embioptera
Order Zoraptera
Order Psocoptera
Order Phthiraptera
Order Thysanoptera
Order Hemiptera
Order Strepsiptera
Order Megaloptera
Order Raphidioptera
Order Neuroptera
Order Coleoptera
Order Mecoptera
Order Siphonaptera
Order Diptera
Order Trichoptera
Order Lepidoptera
Order Hymenoptera

Subphylum Myriapoda

Class Diplopoda

Subclass Penicillata

Order Polyxenida

Subclass Chilognatha

Order Callipodida
Order Chordeumatida
Order Glomerida
Order Glomeridesmida
Order Julida
Order Platydesmida
Order Polydesmida
Order Polyzoniida
Order Siphonophorida
Order Siphoniulida
Order Sphaerotheriida
Order Spirobolida
Order Spirostreptida
Order Stemmiulida

Class Chilopoda

Subclass Notostigmophora

Order Scutigeromorpha

Subclass Pleurostigmophora

Class Pauropoda
Class Symphyla

Subphylum Cheliceriformes

Class Pycnogonida
Class Chelicerata

Subclass Merostomata

Order Eurypterida
Order Xiphosura

Subclass Arachnida

Order Acari

Suborder Opiloacarifomes
Suborder Parasitiformes
Suborder Acariformes

Order Amblypygi
Order Araneae

Suborder Mesothelae
Suborder Opisthothelae

Superfamily Mygalomorpha

Family Ctenizidae
Family Atypicae
Family Theraphosidae
Family Dipluridae

Superfamily Araneomorphae

Family Loxoscelidae
Family Theridiidae
Family Uloboridae
Family Araneidae
Family Tetragnathidae
Family Clubionidae
Family Linyphiidae
Family Agelenidae
Family Argyronetidae
Family Lycosidae
Family Pisauridae
Family Oxyopidae
Family Thomisidae
Family Heteropodidae
Family Salticidae
Family Dinopidae
Family Scytodidae

Order Opiliones
Order Palpigradi
Order Pseudoscorpionida
Order Ricinulei
Order Schizomida
Order Scorpiones
Order Solpugida
Order Uropygi

Phylum Mollusca

Phylum Mollusca

Class Aplacophora

Subclass Chaetodermomorpha (= Caudofoveata)
Subclass Neomeniomorpha (= Solenogastres)

Class Monoplacophora
Class Polyplacophora

Order Lepidopleurida
Order Ischnochitonida
Order Acanthochitonida

Class Gastropoda

Subclass Prosobranchia

Subclass Opisthobranchia

Order Acochlidioidea
Order Cephalaspidea
Order Runcinoidea
Order Sacoglossa
Order Anaspidea
Order Thecosomata
Order Gymnosomata
Order Notaspidea
Order Nudibranchia

Subclass Pulmonata

Order Archaeopulmonata
Order Basommatophora
Order Stylommatophora
Order Systellommatophora

Class Bivalvia (=Pelecypoda, or Lamellibranchiata)

Subclass Protobranchia

Order Nuculida (= Palaeotaxodonta)
Order Solemyida (= Cryptodonta)

Subclass Lamellibranchia

Superorder Filibranchia (= Pteriomorpha)
Superorder Eulamellibranchia (= Heterodonta)

Order Palaeoheterodonta
Order Veneroida
Order Myoida

Subclass Anomalodesmata

Class Scaphopoda
Class Cephalopoda (= Siphonopoda)

Subclass Nautiloidea (= Tetrabranchiata)
Subclass Coleoidea (= Dibranchiata)

Order Sepioida
Order Teuthoida (= Decapoda)
Order Octopoda
Order Vampyromorpha

Phylum Phoronida

Phylum Phoronida

Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)

Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)

Order Ctenostomata
Order Cheilostomata

Phylum Brachiopoda

Phylum Brachiopoda

Class Inarticulata
Class Articulata

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Echinodermata

Class Crinoidea
Class Asteroidea

Order Platysterida
Order Paxillosida
Order Valvatida
Order Spinulosida
Order Forcipulatida

”Sea daisies” (previously the class Concentricycloidea, but assigned by many authorities to the Spinulosida)
Class Ophiuroidea

Class Echinoidea

Subclass Cidaroidea
Subclass Euechinoidea

Infraclass Echinothurioidea
Infraclass Acroechinoidea

Cohort Diadematacea
Cohort Echinacea
Cohort Irregularia

Class Holothuroidea

Subclass Dendrochirotacea

Order Dactylochirotida
Order Dendrochirotida

Subclass Aspidochirotacea

Order Aspidochirotida
Order Elasipodida

Subclass Apodacea

Order Molpadida
Order Apodida

Phylum Chaetognatha

Phylum Chaetognatha

Order Phragmophora
Order Aphragmophora

Phylum Hemichordata

Phylum Hemichordata

Phylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Urochordata (= Tunicata)

Class Ascidiacea
Class Thaliacea
Class Appendicularia (= Larvacea)
Class Sorberacea

Subphylum Cephalochordata (= Acrania)
Subphylum Vertebrata

References

↑ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-097-5.
↑ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003), p. 875.

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