Timeline of Fogo, Cape Verde

The following is a timeline of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde.

Prehistoric era

• Around 24 to 22 million years ago - The seamount that gave rise to Fogo began to form.
• Around 4 million years ago - A volcanic eruption raised the seamount above sea level forming the island now called Fogo.
• Around 73,000 years ago - The eastern portion of the island–a volume of approximately 100 cubic kilometres (24 cu mi) of rock–collapsed into the ocean generating a 170-metre (560 ft) high megatsunami. The surge inundated the western part of Santiago, running up to heights of 270 metres (890 ft) and carrying large boulders onto a plateau at an elevation of 200 metres (660 ft).^[1][2] The island size before the eruption was approximately 800–900 square kilometres (310–350 sq mi).
• Around 40,000 BC - As sea levels were 100–130 meters (330–430 ft) lower, the island's area was approximately 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi).
• Around 3,000 BC - The sea level rose nearly to its current level and the size was roughly 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi), similar to the present-day island.

Colonial era

• 1456 - The island was first sighted in 1456 by Vicente Dias along with Alvise Cadamosto and Antoniotto Usodimare, at the time, it was likely the only island in Cape Verde sighted at the time
• 1460 - The island was fully discovered and charted by António da Noli on behalf of Henry the Navigator, the island was originally São Filipe.
• 1500 - São Filipe, the first settlement established
• 1528
  • João de Meneses Vasconcellos, conde de Penela was the first captain of the island
  • April 20: Afonso de Meneses, conde de Penela was the second and last captain of the island for a few years
• 1580 - Population: around 1,200
• 1650 - Population: around 2,500
• 1655 - São Filipe destroyed by Flemish pirates^[3]
• 1667 - Fortim Carlota built to prevent further pirate attacks
• 1675 - The last eruption on the main cone that would later create a larger eruption
• 1680 - A major eruption took place in Pico do Fogo and devastated much of the island, many inhabitants fled the island, several would settle in nearby Brava, the eruption continued for a few years, it would receive the island name Fogo (Portuguese for fire).
• 1720 - Population: around 5,000
• 1769 - Pico do Fogo erupted, the last time it erupted from the top
• 1785
  • Pico do Fogo erupted, the following eruptions would occur in the lower parts
  • Start of emigration on the island which would continue for decades and even in the 20th century.
  • The first ships from the United States visited any of the islands in Cape Verde, it arrived on Fogo primarily for whaling but took some residents to be the first Cape Verdeans to immigrate into the United States.
• 1799 - The area around Pico do Fogo erupted
• 1800 - Population: around 8,000
• 1828 - The town's merchant house built, it is now known as Casa da Memória is at Praça and is today a museum
• 1832
  • Population: around 10,000^[4]
  • Famine struck the island
• 1847 - An eruption struck the area of Pico do Fogo, earthquakes killed several people
• 1850 - Second wave of emigration began, people immigrated to the United States, much of it to the state of Massachusetts
• 1852 - The lower part of Pico do Fogo erupted
• 1857 - The lower part of Pico do Fogo erupted again
• 1861 - A custom house in the port of São Filipe built by the colonial governor Januário Correia de Almeida.^[5]
• 1870 - Foundation of the village of Chã das Caldeiras by the Count of Montrond, introduced vines to flourish the wine production, the only in Cape Verde
• 1890 - Population: 20,225
• 1910 - A civil revolution in Portugal drew aristocracy and large land-owners back to Portugal and left civilians behind
• 1914 - January 2: Carlos de Vasconcelos became president of the municipality of the island of Fogo^[6]
• 1922 - São Filipe elevated to a town.^[7]
• 1930 - Population: 21,563
• 1930s - Economic crisis started mainly after the Great Depression and famines struck the island, the population lost 10 to 15 percent as a result of it between 1940 and 1950, fourth wave of emigration began, people immigrated to the northeastern United States and western Europe
• 1940 - Population: 22,914
• 1950 - Population: 17,520
• 1951 - A small eruption affected the island in the area of Pico do Fogo, the next eruption in 94 years
• 1953 - Vulcânicos, the island's first football (soccer) club established
• 1955 - Francisco Craveiro Lopes visited the island, a statue would be erected in the island capital
• 1960 - Population: 25,457
• 1962 - Associação Académica do Fogo, a football (soccer) club established
• mid-1960s - Fogo Island League created
• 1968 - Botafogo, a football (soccer) club established
• 1970 - Population: 29,692
• 1974:
  • April: the Carnation Revolution took place in Portugal, the Estado Novo regime collapsed, Cape Verde became an autonomous province

After independence in 1975-1999

• 1975 - July 5: Cape Verde declared independence from Portugal and became and independent nation
• 1980 - Population: 31,335
• 1983 - October 8: Cutelinho a football (soccer) club established
• 1990 - Population: 33,902
• 1991 - The municipality that once covered the whole island broken up into the municipalities of São Filipe and Mosteiros
• 1995 - April: Earthquake shook the island followed by an eruption that affected the island in the area of Pico do Fogo and devastated parts of Chã das Caldeiras.^[8]
• 1996 - July 22: Desportivo de Cova Figueira established

21st century

• 2000 - Population: 37,421

Perspective view of Fogo from the north in 2001

2014 eruption of Fogo with ash cloudes headed roughly south

• 2001
  • Baxada or Baxada Fluminense football (soccer) club established
  • April 20: Casa da Memória in São Filipe first opened
• 2002 - September: Spartak d'Aguadinha, a football (soccer) club established
• 2004 - Forest fire struck the Monte Velha Forest Perimeter in the northeast of the island.
• 2005
  • Municipality of Santa Catarina do Fogo established
  • Fortim Carlota ceased to be a prison^[9]
• 2008 - December 13: São Filipe Municipal Museum opened on the old town hall of São Filipe
• 2009 - Valência football (soccer) club established
• 2010
  • Population: 37,046
  • Cova Figueira elevated to a city.
• 2011
  • April 23: Another forest fire but smaller than the last burnt Monte Velha Forest Perimeter.^[10]
  • May: The runway of São Filipe Airport was extended to 1,500 meters by 30 meters wide from the previous length of 1,197 meters by 20 meters wide
  • June 11: Project for adding electricity for the hamlets of Bangaeira and Portela in Chã das Caldeoras began^[11]
  • August 9: Replanting went under way at Monte Velha Forest Preserve^[12]
• 2014 - November: Earthquakes rocked the island and later caused a volcanic eruption on November 23 that would continue up to February 8 the following year, it caused the cancellation of the Regional Football (Soccer) Competition for nearly four weeks. The volcano erupted for 77 days.^[13]
• 2016 - Electricity introduced in the hamlets of Bangaeira and Portela in Chã das Caldeiras, one of the last parts of the island not receiving electricity

See also

• Timeline of Boa Vista, Cape Verde
• Timeline of Brava, Cape Verde
• Timeline of Maio, Cape Verde
• Timeline of Sal, Cape Verde
• Timeline of Santiago, Cape Verde
• Timeline of Santo Antão, Cape Verde
• Timeline of São Nicolau, Cape Verde
• Timeline of São Vicente, Cape Verde

References

1. Brown, Emma (2 October 2015). "Island Boulders Reveal Ancient Megatsunami". Nature. Retrieved 2015-10-06.
2. Ramalho, Ricardo S.; Winckler, Gisela; Madeira, José; Helffrich, George R.; Hipólito, Ana; Quartau, Rui; Adena, Katherine; Schaefer, Joerg M. (2 October 2015), "Hazard potential of volcanic flank collapses raised by new megatsunami evidence", Science Advances, vol. 1 no. 9
3. Ingrid und Peter Kirschey: Kapverden, p. 156. Köln 2009
4. Roberts, Edmund (1837). "Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat". New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 17–18.
5. "Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil", Direcção de Afonso Eduardo Martins Zúquete, Editorial Enciclopédia, 2.ª Edição, Lisboa, 1989, Volume Terceiro, p. 320
6. "Carlos Eugénio de Vasconcelos" (in Portuguese). Barros Brito.
7. Pitt Reitmeier: Cabo Verde - Kapverdische Inseln, p. 386. Bielefeld 2009.
8. "Fogo Caldera". MTU Volcanoes Page. Michigan Technological University. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
9. Pitt Reitmeier: Cabo Verde - Kapverdische Inseln, p. 386. Bielefeld 2009.
10. "Fogo: Incêndio consumiu mais de 80 hectares do perímetro florestal de Monte Velha" [FIre Consumed About 80 Hectares of the Monte Velha Forest Perimeter]. SAPO CV (in Portuguese). 28 April 2011.
11. "Primeiro-ministro promete energia para Chã das Caldeiras" [Prime Minister to Promote Energy in Chã das Caldeiras]. RTC (in Portuguese). 13 June 2011.
12. "Incêndio devasta área de 50 hectares na zona florestal de Monte Velha, no Fogo" [Fire Devastated an Area of 50 Hectares in the Forest Area of Monte Velha in Fogo] (in Portuguese). RTC.
13. "Vulcao do Fogo entra em erupcão". A Semana (in Portuguese). 23 November 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.