Toronto municipal election, 1988
The 1988 Toronto municipal election was held to elect members of municipal councils, school boards, and hydro commissions in the six municipalities that made up Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The election was held November 14, 1988.
Metro
The electoral divisions used for Metro in the 1988 election
The 1988 campaign was the first time most members of Metro Toronto were all directly elected. Toronto had moved to direct elections in 1985, but the other cities had still had a selection of council members dually seated at Metro. In the new council only the five mayors would be granted automatic Metro seats.
- East York
- Peter Oyler - 11,088
- Avril Usha Velupillai - 7,885
- Bob Willis - 2,043
- Lakeshore Queensway
- Chris Stockwell - 10,442
- Morley Kells - 7,790
- Kingsway Humber
- Dennis Flynn - 16,642
- Jack Soules - 4,497
- Markland Centennial
- Dick O'Brien - 13,049
- Leonard Braithwaite - 7,296
- Rexdale Thistletown
- Lois Griffin - acclaimed
- North York Humber
- Mario Gentile - 19,697
- Angelo Natale - 4,795
- Black Creek
- Maria Augimeri - 19,244
- Camilo Tiqui - 2,462
- Sherland Chhangur - 2,391
- North York Spadina
- Howard Moscoe - acclaimed
- North York Centre South
- Bev Salmon - 10,618
- Gordon Chong - 7,223
- North York Centre
- Norman Gardner - acclaimed
- Don Parkway
- Marie Labette - 14,443
- Courtney Doidron - 3,108
- Seneca Heights
- Joan King - acclaimed
- Scarborough Bluffs
- Brian Ashton - 9,957
- Bill Belfontaine - 8,348
- Scarborough Wexford
- Maureen Prinsloo - 6,007
- Bryan Prettie - 4,922
- Scarborough Centre
- Brian Harrison - 8,516
- Barry Christensen - 5,150
- Keith Sutherland - 1,906
- Scarborough Malvern
- Bob Sanders - 4,780
- Hugh Evelyn - 3,575
- Chris Burry - 1,309
- Yaqoob Khan - 1,308
- Roy Paluoja - 448
- Scarborough Highland Creek
- Ken Morrish - acclaimed
- Scarborough Agincourt
- Scott Cavalier - 8,175
- Eden Gajraj - 1,861
- High Park
- Derwyn Shea - 11,473
- Ben Grys - 9,204
- Trinity Niagara
- Joe Pantalone - 8,717
- Lamartine Silva - 3,864
- Davenport
- Richard Gilbert - 7,880
- Dennis Fotinos - 5,133
- North Toronto
- Anne Johnston - acclaimed
- Midtown
- Ila Bossons - 7,924
- Ying Hope - 7,196
- Bill Granger - 4,375
- Downtown
- Dale Martin - 10,322
- Janly Pang - 3,950
- Don River
- Roger Hollander - 11,785
- Richard Yue - 5,447
- East Toronto
- Paul Christie - 11,187
- Linda Lynch - 9,361
- York Eglinton
- Mike Colle - 11,527
- Jacquie Chic - 3,571
- York Humber
- Alan Tonks - acclaimed
Lakeshore Queensway Councillor Chris Stockwell resigned when he won a seat in the 1990 Provincial Election. A by-election was held on November 29, 1990.
- Blake Kinahan - 1,770
- Bruce Davis - 1,520
- Ron Barr - 1,150
- Jeff Knoll - 994
- Richard Clupa - 657
- Helen Wursta - 550
- Kevin McGourty - 221
- Agnes Ugolini Potts - 213
- Branko Gasperlin - 180
- Aileen Anderson - 157
- Maureen Hunter Dennis - 107
- Stephen Elkerton - 62
Toronto
Mayor
Incumbent mayor Art Eggleton faced little opposition in his bid for his fourth term of office. His closest opponent was New Democrat Carolann Wright.
- Results
- Art Eggleton - 91,180
- Carolann Wright - 24,479
- Bill Roberts - 7,235
- Don Andrews - 5,690
- John Kellerman - 3,197
- Jim Atherton - 2,459
- Ben Kerr - 2,204
- Zoltan Szoboszlov - 2,202
- Alan Ritchie - 1,869
City council
Ward boundaries used in the 1988 election
There was the largest turnover in councillors in this election since the 1972 election. The left on council ran a joint Reform Toronto campaign focused on curbing the development industry. The vote was a major triumph for the left on city council with two prominent and long-serving conservatives defeated: Fred Beavis, who had served on council since 1961, was defeated by environmentalist Marilyn Churley, and in the north end, conservative Michael Gee lost to Howard Levine.
- Ward 1 (Swansea and Bloor West Village)
- William Boytchuk (incumbent) - 7,686
- David Garrick - 4,092
- Ward 2 (Parkdale
- Chris Korwin-Kuczynski (incumbent) - 7,242
- Francine Dick - 1,312
- Michael Sarazen - 412
- Thomas Bose - 348
- Ward 3 (Brockton)
- Tony O'Donohue (incumbent) - 4,269
- Jimmy Talpa - 837
- Ward 4 (Trinity-Bellwoods and Little Italy)
- Martin Silva - 3,529
- Nick Figliano - 1,494
- Tony Letra - 1,266
- Joey Pimental - 675
- Ward 5 (Financial District, Toronto - University of Toronto)
- Liz Amer- 3,481
- Peter Maloney - 2,336
- Rachel Foulkes - 1,226
- Steve BFG Johnson - 417
- Ray Barker - 224
- Ward 6 Downtown East
- Jack Layton - 5,486
- Lois MacMillan-Walker - 1,480
- Ward 7 (Regent Park and Cabbagetown)
- Barbara Hall - 4,748
- Mike Armstrong - 1,536
- Allan Boudreau - 499
- Ward 8 (Riverdale)
- Marilyn Churley - 5,771
- Fred Beavis - 4,192
- Paul Ralna - 1,028
- Ward 9 (East Danforth)
- Tom Clifford (incumbent) - 5,220
- Mitchell Kosny - 3,498
- Michael Tegtmeyer - 370
- Ward 10 (The Beaches)
- Tom Jakobek - 9,782
- Glenn Middleton - 2,443
- Ward 11 (The Junction)
- Rob Maxwell - 3,299
- Peter Zahakos - 3,119
- Melania Leshko - 545
- Ward 12 (Davenport and Corso Italia)
- Betty Disero - acclaimed
- Ward 14 (Forest Hill)
- Howard Levine - 5,477
- Michael Gee (incumbent) - 4,995
- Ward 15 (Western North Toronto)
- Kay Gardner (incumbent) - 7,955
- Jeffrey Stutz - 1,966
- Bob Murphy - 1,591
- Ward 16 (Davisville and Lawrence Park)
- Michael Walker (incumbent) - 5,436
- Malcolm Martini - 5,249
- Joanne Short - 722
Results taken form the November 15, 1988 Toronto Star and might not exactly match final tallies.
By-election
Ward 8 Councillor Marilyn Churley resigned upon winning a seat in the 1990 Provincial Election. A by-election was held on November 29, 1990:
- Peter Tabuns - 3,217
- Linda Lynch - 2,421
- Carol Mark - 521
- Susan Millingen - 195
- Donald Andrews - 137
- Daniel Browning - 97
Borough of East York
The election in East York was a rather tame affair with the mayor, Dave Johnson handily re-elected by a large plurality. On Council five of eight members were new but only one incumbent, Bob Dale was defeated. Incumbent Steve Mastoras was re-elected but demoted to Junior Councillor in Ward 2.[1]
† - denotes incumbent status from previous council
Mayor
- †Dave Johnson - 20,234
- Herbert T. McGroarty - 3,531
- Robert Ruminski - 713
Councillor
Two councillors were elected to each ward.
- Ward 1
- Case Ootes - 2,903
- Michael Prue - 2,413
- John Papadakis - 1,101
- Melanie Milanich - 868
- John Couvell - 398
- Michael Grosso - 303
- Alex Parucha - 292
- Ward 2
- †Bill Buckingham - 4,275
- †George Vasilopolous - 3,920
- Paul Robinson - 3,351
- Ward 3
- Helen Kennedy - 3,418
- †Steve Mastoras - 3,006
- †Bob Dale - 2,561
- Anastasios Baxevanidis - 609
- Ward 4
- Lorna Krawchuk - 4,343
- Jenner Jean-Marie - 4,016
- Steve Gorgey - 2,686
- Ghamsh Kara - 1,713
Trustee
- Ward 1 (3 to be elected)
- †Gail Nyberg - 2,419
- Janet McKeown - 1,781
- Dennis Kolby - 1,503
- Randy Silar - 1,146
- Grace Stephens - 907
- Ward 2 (1 to be elected)
- †Connie Culbertson - 3,553
- †Ken Maxted - 3,069
- Alexander Kory - 1,679
- Ward 3 (3 to be elected)
- Margaret Hazelton - 2,643
- Len Self - 1,884
- Shirley Boast - 1,205
- Russell English - 609
- Ward 4 (3 to be elected)
- Elca Rennick - 4,128
- Ruth Goldhar - 3,978
- Henry Friesen - 1,447
- Abdul Hal Patel - 954
Hydro Commission
(2 to be elected)
- †Frank E. Johnson - 13,033
- John Flowers - 9,801
- Georgia Dunn - 8,964
- John Nursey - 3,334
City of Scarborough
Mayor
- Joyce Trimmer: 53,566
- Norm Kelly: 48,701
- Owen: 7,951
- O'Malley: 3,137
- Max French: 1,509
- Abel Van Wyk: 939
Public Utilities Commission
- Cavanagh ; 55,439
- Beatty ; 50,044
- Stewart ; 39,197
- Olders ; 10,530
Metro Councillors
Scarborough Bluffs
- Brian Ashton ; 12,649
- Belfontaine ; 10,649
Scarborough Highland Creek
- Ken Morrish ; Acclamation
Scarborough Wexford
- Maureen Prinsloo ; 8,256
- Prettie ; 6,945
Scarborough Agincourt
- Scott Cavalier ; 11,384
- Gajraj ; 2,636
Scarborough City Centre
- Brian Harrison ; 11,937
- Christensen ; 7,294
- Sutherland ; 2,645
Scarborough Malvern
- Bob Sanders ; 5,560
- Evelyn ; 4,121
- Khan ; 1,480
- Burry ; 1,473
- Puluoja ; 514
City Councillors
Ward 1
- Harvey Barron ; 5,077
- Webster ; 1,856
Ward 2
- Gerry Altobello ; 4,392
- Cayenne ; 2,483
Ward 3
- John Wardrope ; 4,887
- Duncan ; 1,948
- Kazia ; 1,017
Ward 4
- Lorenzo Berardinetti ; 2,453
- Kurt Christensen ; 2,449
- Glynwilliams ; 1,936
- Ward ; 1,011
- McDowell ; 318
- Georges Legault ; 292
Ward 05
- Marilyn Mushinski ; Acclaimation
Ward 06
- Paul Mushinski; 1,997
- Elliott ; 1,514
- Lombardi ; 1,288
- Michalopoulo ; 1,078
- McPherson ; 864
- Cavoto ; 544
- Sharma ; 524
Ward 7
- Fred Johnson, F ; 5,209
- Borisko ; 4,259
Ward 8
- Shirley Eidt ; 5,487
- Murray ; 2,013
- Chadha ; 651
Ward 9
- Ron Moeser ; 4,655
- John Mackie ; 4,539
- Roberts ; 1,385
- Cocco ; 1,193
- Vaya ; 221
Ward 10
- Ron Watson; 3,961
- Mahood, P ; 2,828
- Wilson, M ; 544
- Cotter ; 478
Ward 11
- Sherene Shaw ; 2,458
- Lombardi, D ; 1,308
- Munro ; 1,155
- Edmonds ; 1,035
- Jacobs ; 907
- Zaidi ; 422
Ward 12
- Doug Mahood; 5,759
- Cheung, K ; 1,754
Ward 13
- Bas Balkissoon ; 2,269
- Pratley ; 2,249
- Cheung, J ; 1,148
- Clements ; 1,003
- Bob Watson; 541
- Wilson, L ; 519
Ward 14
- Edith Montgomery ; 4,956
- Loughlin, B ; 947
- Nafis ; 489
City of York
Mayor
Mario Faraone was a 47-year-old building designer, consultant, and the owner of the firm F.M. Faraone and Sons company. He campaigned in support of urban tax reform, better traffic planning and affordable housing.[2] He was a member of the Liberal Party, but ran without a party endorsement.[3] A 1990 article in the Toronto Star newspaper drew attention to the fact that the York adjustment committee approved every single proposal put forward by Faraone in 1989 through 1990, despite serious concerns from local residents in some instances. One of the committee members was Faraone's business partner, Jack Capitanio. Faraone denied any suggestion of wrongdoing, and argued that his success rate was a reflection of his experience in the building industry. Capitano also denied suggestions of favouritism.[4] Mayor Fergy Brown responded to the article by saying that he would raise the matter at the next council meeting, and recommended the city's legal department start an investigation.[5] Newspaper reports do not indicate how the matter was resolved. Faraone has remained active in the building trade.[6]
| Candidate | Total votes | % of total votes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fergy Brown | 21,493 | 58.74 | |
| Tony Grande | 13,616 | 37.21 | |
| Mario Faraone | 1,482 | 4.05 | |
| Total valid votes | 36,591 | 100.00 |
City Council
Of the eight ward races, six incumbents were returned. Newcomer Frances Nunziata beat incumbent Gary Bloor in Ward 7. Jim Fera was also a new member for Ward 5.[7]
- Ward 1
- Ben Nobleman (incumbent) 2,228
- Daria Bradbury 1,885
- Ward 2
- Tony Mandarano (incumbent) 2,558
- Chai Kalevar 809
- Frank Rogers 592
- Ward 3
- Tony Rizzo (incumbent) 1,965
- Ron Bradd 1,786
- Suzana Dozsa 404
- Lisa Alliston 298
- Dino Coletti 150
- Ettore Reda 72
- Roland Saggiorato (withdrew)
- Ward 4
- Nicolo Fortunato (incumbent) 1,421
- Joan Roberts 1,179
- Salvatore Sinopoli 458
- Sydney King 181
- Ward 5
- Jim Fera 1,890
- Enrico M. Iafolla 1,479
- Dan Howells 597
- Ward 6
- Bob McLean (incumbent) 4,277
- Rick Richards 1,367
- Ward 7
- Frances Nunziata 2,969
- Gary Bloor (incumbent) 2,252
- Gurpreet Malhotra 83
- Ward 8
- Bill Saundercook (incumbent, acclaimed)
Board of Trustees
- Ward 1
- Karen Hen (incumbent) 2,162
- James Stevens 809
- Ward 2*
- Branko Jovanovich 833
- Pete Karageorgos 826
- Marion Ward 561
- Election Night Results - Recount
- Ward 2 Post Recount
- Branko Jovanovich 828
- Pete Karageorgos 827
- Marion Ward 561
- Due to irregularities by-election ordered by District Court Judge R.G. Conant
- Ward 2 By-Election Results - June 19, 1989
- Pete Karageorgos 537
- Branko Jovanovich 527
- Marion Ward 196
- Ward 3
- Ruth Russell (incumbent) 1,897
- Peter Luci 559
- Ward 4
- Elizabeth Hill 760
- Michael Bunker 442
- Stefano Scopacasa 363
- Charles Ashton 88
- Ward 5
- Patricia Hainer 1,260
- Joseph Morriello 1,051
- Ward 6
- John Gibson (incumbent) 2,096
- Brian Morgan 1,623
- Ward 7
- Steven Mold (incumbent) 2,551
- Jon Gentry 1,005
- Ward 8
- Madeleine McDowell (incumbent) 1,804
- Gaye Lew 1,129
City of North York
Mel Lastman was re-elected mayor of the North York for the sixth consecutive time. His wife, Marilyn also tried to obtain a council seat but was defeated by former school trustee Bob Bradley. Only one incumbent councillor, Bob Yuill was defeated in Ward 8 by newcomer Joanne Flint. All other councillors were re-elected.[8][9]
Mayor
- x-Mel Lastman 98,856
- Mike Foster 13,486
- Douglas Campbell 10,290
- Freddie Jay 1,939
Council
Ward 1
- x-Mario Sergio 6,365
- Tony Marzilli 2,881
- Fred Craft 859
Ward 2
- Judy Sgro 6,882
- Gerry Iuliano 2,398
- Luigi Cavaleri 926
Ward 3
- x-Peter Li Preti 5,123
- Peter Pallotta 808
- Nella Lanzellotti 759
- Shanta Ramotar 486
Ward 4
- x-Frank Di Giorgio 3,658
- Maria Rizzo 2,933
- Eleanor Rosen 1,084
- Gino Cipollone 239
- Rhea Horwich 226
Ward 5
| Candidate | Total votes | % of total votes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthony Perruzza | 5,207 | 50.65 | |
| Frank Crudo | 1,967 | 19.13 | |
| Bruno Rea | 1,557 | 15.14 | |
| John Butcher | 951 | 9.25 | |
| Charles Olito | 599 | 5.83 | |
| Total valid votes | 10,281 | 100.00 |
46 out of 47 polls reporting.
- Frank Crudo was a 26-year-old design and construction company project manager during the 1988 election. He called for a stronger campaign against drugs on North York's streets.[10] When Anthony Perruzza was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1990, Crudo applied to the North York council to be selected as his replacement. He was rejected in favor of Claudio Polsinelli.[11] He later campaigned for Metro Toronto's Black Creek ward in the 1991 municipal election, saying that he was running against the area's "NDP machine".[12] He lost to Maria Augimeri. During the 1993 federal election, Crudo was part of a group of dissident Liberals who supported the candidacy of Peter Li Preti over Art Eggleton, following Eggleton's appointment as the riding's Liberal candidate.[13]
- Bruno Rea holds a Ph.D. in political philosophy from Oxford University. He worked as a policy adviser for the Ontario Ministry of Labour in the 1980s, researching and writing briefs on workers' compensation and employment standards. He was a member of the Liberal Party. In 1987, he wrote an editorial piece for the Globe and Mail newspaper opposing capital punishment.[14] He was twenty-nine years old during the 1988 election, and called for a crackdown on crime and a slower pace of regional development.[15] He was endorsed by the Toronto Star newspaper, and was originally regarded as a serious candidate for election.[16] He was arrested one week prior to the election, after trying to dispose of 161 signs belonging to Anthony Perruzza, his New Democratic Party opponent, on the grounds of York University at 3:30 in the morning.[17] He pleaded guilty to a charge of mischief in February 1989, and was fined.[18] Rea was listed as a senior policy adviser for the Ministry of Labour in 2000.[19]
- John Butcher campaigned for the North York City Council on three occasions. In 1982 and 1985, he lost to Irving Chapley in Ward Seven. He was forty-four years old in 1988, and described himself as a lifelong resident of the ward. He acknowledged that he was not likely to win election.[20]
Ward 6
- x-Milton Berger 6,127
- Anne Lelovic 2,403
Ward 7
- x-Irving W. Chapley 5,267
- Eric Cohen 4,595
- Mark Arshawsky 516
Ward 8
- Joanne Flint 5,376
- Bob Yuill 3,462
Ward 9
- x-Ron Summers 6,532
- Ernie Springolo 3,035
Ward 10
- Don Yuill 3,338
- Cora Urbel 2,579
- Marg Middleton 948
- John Boysen 760
- Peter Bate 704
- Ramon Solevilla 546
Ward 11
- x-Jim McGuffin 6,094
- Freddy Trasmundi 864
Ward 12
- x-Barry Burton 3,868
- John Murphy 2,551
- Ronald Hyslop 856
- Peter Allis 527
Ward 13
- Bob Bradley 4,453
- Marilyn Lastman 3,761
- Harvey Brooker 1,031
- Allan Ginsberg 544
Ward 14
- x-Paul Sutherland acclaimed
School Board
Ward 1
- Sheila Lambrinos 1,195
- Ted Wray 875
- Wendy Essex 638
- Doug Kvistbo 198
Ward 2
- Bob Churchill 1,463
- Jim Darvill 774
- John Campbell 744
- Lilia Ruffolo 387
- Angelo Castellano 349
- Aurelio Caldarelli 238
Ward 3
- x-Elizabeth Smith 960
- Stephnie Payne 728
- Philomen Wright 570
- Natalie Soobrian 482
Ward 4
- x-Elsa Chandler 3,083
- Bob Daggett 762
Ward 5
- x-Errol Young 2,862
- Leslie Soobrian 736
Ward 6
| Candidate | Total votes | % of total votes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cheryl Moscoe | 3,852 | 52.82 | |
| Phyllis Weinberg | 3,441 | 47.18 | |
| Total valid votes | 7,293 | 100.00 |
- Phyllis Weinberg was 56 years old during the campaign, and was described as a psychotherapist and former teacher.[21] She was listed in 1996 as the owner and operator of Orthodox Counselling Services, which offers support on stress management and family issues in the Orthodox Jewish community.[22] She had previously campaigned for the North York Hydro Commission in 1985, finishing sixth out of nine candidates. She was twice asked to stop campaigning on the grounds of a public school 1988, and was criticized for giving candy to children near school property. Weinberg argued that the complaints against her were part of a "mud-slinging campaign" designed to prevent her from winning the seat.[23] She planned to campaign for the ward six seat again in the 1991 election, but withdrew before election day.[24]
Ward 7
- x-Mae Waese acclaimed
Ward 8
- x-Gerri Gershon 6,205
- Trevor Tymchuk 1,203
Ward 9
- x-Shelley Stillman 5,803
- Rose Yunger 1,756
Ward 10
- x-Darlene Scott 4,997
- Rena Gordon 2,052
Ward 11
- x-John Filion acclaimed
Ward 12
- x-Ken Crowley acclaimed
Ward 13
- x-Dan Hicks 5,235
- Gini Sharma 2,509
Ward 14
- x-Ralph Belfry 4,741
- Dash Shah 1,461
Hydro Commission
(2 elected)
- x-Carl Anderson 57,280
- Bob Dyer 44,177
- x-Jack Bedder 37,121
- Donald Hubbs 13,183
- Jack Arshawsky 12,506
- Irving Bricks 10,160
References
- ↑ Holden, Alfred; Fruman, Leslie (November 15, 1988). "Easy win for incumbent mayor Johnson". Toronto Star. pp. B3, B7.
- ↑ Darcy Henton, "Close race shapes up in smallest city", Toronto Star, 7 November 1988, A6.
- ↑ Susan Huxley, "Outgoing York mayor backing council veteran as successor", Globe and Mail, 11 November 1988, A20.
- ↑ Kevin Donovan, "The man who always gets his way", Toronto Star, 22 November 1990, A1.
- ↑ Kevin Donovan, "City of York allegations of conflict to be probed", Toronto Star, 23 November 1990, A6.
- ↑ Humber-York Community Council Agenda, Meeting No. 5, 20 June 2003, p. 22, accessed 27 October 2006.
- ↑ "Civic Elections '88 The Results City of York". Toronto Star. November 15, 1988. p. B7.
- ↑ James, Royson (November 15, 1988). "Bittersweet victory for Mel as Marilyn loses". Toronto Star. p. 8.
- ↑ "Civic election '88". The Globe and Mail. November 16, 1988. p. A16.
- ↑ "The candidates", Toronto Star, 10 November 1988, A15.
- ↑ Stan Josey, "Ex-North York councillors join race for vacant seat", Toronto Star, 14 October 1990, A3.
- ↑ Stan Josey, "Area's diversity emphasized", Toronto Star, 24 October 1991, NY2.
- ↑ Theresa Boyle, "Disgruntled York Centre Liberals set to go to court", Toronto Star, 4 February 1993, NY2.
- ↑ Bruno Rea, "All defences of death penalty are full of holes", Globe and Mail, 14 April 1987, A7.
- ↑ Sterling Taylor, "Wide social gulf runs down Black Creek valley", Toronto Star, 25 October 1988, A7.
- ↑ "North York choices", Toronto Star, 5 November 1988, D2.
- ↑ Dorothy O'Neill and Cal Miller, "Candidate in Ward 5 found with rival's signs", Toronto Star, 7 November 1988, A1; Robert MacLeod, "Candidate in Ward 5 found with rival's signs", Globe and Mail, 8 November 1988, A1; Lila Sarick, "False news was spread, municipal candidate says", Globe and Mail, 12 November 1988, A15 [the title of this piece relates to a separate matter].
- ↑ "Campaign sign-nappers fined", Globe and Mail, 16 February 1989, A16.
- ↑ "Cancer Coalition Meets to Develop Action Plan" [press release], Canada NewsWire, 6 March 2000, 12:44 report. The press release does not indicate if Rea was working for the provincial or federal ministry, although the former seems more likely.
- ↑ Sterling Taylor, "Wide social gulf runs down Black Creek valley", Toronto Star, 25 October 1988, A7.
- ↑ "The Candidates", Toronto Star, 11 November 1988, A12.
- ↑ Isabel Vincent, "I'm Phyllis, and I'm a Jewish mother-in-law", Globe and Mail, 22 May 1996, A1.
- ↑ Paul Taylor, "School yard candidate is kicked out", Globe and Mail, 25 October 1988, A20.
- ↑ "Record number of candidates in York", Toronto Star, 17 October 1991, NY1.
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