United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2014

United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2014
Michigan
November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04)
All 14 Michigan seats to the United States House of Representatives
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Republican Democratic
Last election 9 5
Seats won 9 5
Seat change Steady Steady
Popular vote 1,466,749 1,519,030
Percentage 47.48% 49.17%
Swing Increase1.86% Decrease1.72%

The 2014 U.S. House of Representatives elections in Michigan will be held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014, to elect the 14 members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the state of Michigan, one from each of the state's 18 congressional districts. The elections will coincide with the elections of other federal and state offices, including the election of Michigan's governor, as well as the Class 2 U.S. Senate Seat

Primary elections to determine major party nominees for the general election will be held Tuesday, August 5, 2014, and the partisan filing deadline was Tuesday, April 22, 2014.[1] The members of Congress elected at this election will serve in the 114th Congress.

According to the Rothenberg Political Report, all of Michigan's congressional seats except for the 1st, 7th, 8th and 11th districts are considered "safe" for the party of the incumbent.[2]

Overview

United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2014[3]
Party Votes Percentage Seats Before Seats After +/–
Democratic 1,519,030 49.17% 5 5 -
Republican 1,466,749 47.48% 9 9 -
Libertarian 53,711 1.74% 0 0 -
Green 23,088 0.75% 0 0 -
Independents 14,315 0.46% 0 0 -
U.S. Taxpayers 10,904 0.35% 0 0 -
Natural Law 1,680 0.05% 0 0 -
Total 3,089,477 100.00% 14 14 0

District 1

The 1st district includes the entire Upper Peninsula of Michigan and part of the Lower Peninsula. The district, which makes up about 44% of the land area of the state of Michigan, is the second-largest congressional district east of the Mississippi River by land area. The incumbent is Republican Dan Benishek, who has represented the district since 2011. He was re-elected with 48% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of R+5.

Benishek was re-elected in 2012 with 48.14% of the total votes cast, defeating Democratic former State Representative Gary McDowell by less than 2,000 votes in a field where two third-party candidates received a combined 4.3 percent of the vote.[4] As of September 30, 2013, Benishek had raised $676,545.98, and has $500,163.86 cash on-hand toward a presumed re-election bid.[5] Iron Mountain businessman and 2012 Republican National Convention delegate Alan Arcand has announced his intention to challenge Benishek in the Republican primary.[6] Former Kalkaska County Sheriff Jerry Cannon has been recruited by Michigan Democratic Party Chairman Lon Johnson to challenge Benishek in the general election.[7] The Rothenberg Political Report rates this race as "Toss-up/Tilt Republican."[2] Benishek defeated Arcand in the August 5 primary. Cannon was unopposed in the Democratic primary.[8]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Dan Benishek 49,540 69.74
Republican Alan Arcand 21,497 30.26
Total votes 71,037 100

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared
Failed to qualify

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jerry Cannon 31,104 100

General election

Results

Michigan's 1st Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Dan Benishek (Incumbent) 130,414 52.14
Democratic Jerry Cannon 113,263 45.28
Libertarian Loel Gnadt 3,823 1.53
Green Ellis Boal 2,631 1.05
Total votes 250,131 100
Republican hold

District 2

The 2nd district is located in West Michigan. The incumbent is Republican Bill Huizenga, who has represented the district since 2011. He was re-elected with 61% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of R+7.

As of September 30, 2013, Huizenga had raised $537,109.30 for the 2014 election cycle, and has $402,388.39 cash on-hand available toward a presumed re-election bid.[16]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Bill Huizenga 54,416 100

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Dean Vanderstelt 19,957 100

General election

Results

Michigan's 2nd Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Bill Huizenga (Incumbent) 135,568 63.63
Democratic Dean Vanderstelt 70,851 33.25
Libertarian Ronald Welch II 3,877 1.82
U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan Ronald Graeser 2,776 1.30
Total votes 213,072 100
Republican hold

District 3

The 3rd district is located in West Michigan. The incumbent is Republican Justin Amash, who has represented the district since 2011. He was re-elected with 53% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of R+4.

As of September 30, 2013, Amash had raised $555,863.56 for the 2014 election cycle, and has $313,844.71 cash on-hand available toward a presumed re-election bid.[19] In September 2013, Amash ended months of speculation regarding whether he would run for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Carl Levin, choosing instead to run for re-election to his House seat.[20] Amash faced a primary challenge from investment manager Brian Ellis.[21] Amash defeated Ellis in the Republican primary.[22]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared

Declined

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Justin
Amash		 Brian
Ellis		 Undecided
Strategic National July 29, 2014 532 ± 4.2% 50.56% 31.02% 18.42%
Strategic National July 14, 2014 500 ± 4.4% 47% 24% 29%
EPIC-MRA June 10–11, 2014 814 ± 3.5% 55% 35% 10%
Practical Political Consulting May 27–29, 2014 472 ± 4.5% 42% 23% 35%
The Polling Company May 2014 ? ± ? 53% 23% 22%
Basswood Research February 6, 2014 300 ± 5.6% 60% 12% 28%

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Justin Amash 39,706 57.44
Republican Brian Ellis 29,422 42.56
Total votes 69,128 100

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared
Failed to qualify

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Bob Goodrich 20,378 100

General election

Results

Michigan's 3rd Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Justin Amash (Incumbent) 125,754 57.91
Democratic Bob Goodrich 84,720 39.01
Green Tonya Duncan 6,691 3.08
Total votes 217,165 100
Republican hold

District 4

The 4th district is located in Northern and Central Michigan. The incumbent is Republican Dave Camp, who has represented the district since 1993 and previously represented the 10th district from 1991 to 1993. He was re-elected with 63% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of R+5.

As of September 30, 2013, Camp has raised $1,607,226.02 for the 2014 election cycle, and has $3,198,099.13 cash on-hand available for a presumed re-election bid.[28] In July 2013, Camp announced he was considering running for the U.S. Senate to replace the retiring incumbent Carl Levin,[29] but then the following month announced that he will not do so.[30] In March 2014, he announced that he would not run for re-election.[31] State senator John Moolenaar was the winner of the Republican primary.[32]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared
Declined

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Peter
Konetchy		 Paul
Mitchell		 John
Moolenaar		 Undecided
Mitchell Research July 29–30, 2014 492 ± 4.42% 9% 37.8% 38% 15%
Strategic National July 29, 2014 540 ± 4.2% 10.63% 34.89% 34.51% 19.96%
EPIC-MRA July 12–13, 2014 802 ± 3.5% 7% 50% 27% 16%

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican John Moolenaar 34,399 52.40
Republican Paul Mitchell 23,844 36.32
Republican Peter Konetchy 7,408 11.28
Total votes 65,651 100

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared
Withdrew
Declined

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jeff Holmes 23,496 100

General election

Results

Michigan's 4th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican John Moolenaar 123,962 56.49
Democratic Jeff Holmes 85,777 39.09
U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan George Zimmer 4,990 2.27
Libertarian Will White 4,694 2.14
Total votes 219,423 100
Republican hold

District 5

The 5th district is located in Central Michigan. The incumbent is Democrat Dan Kildee, who has represented the district since 2013. He was elected with 65% of the vote in 2012, succeeding his uncle, Democrat Dale Kildee. The district has a PVI of D+10.

As of September 30, 2013, Kildee has raised $243,246.99 for the 2014 election cycle, and has $210,492.27 cash on-hand available for his re-election bid.[48] He was unopposed in the August primary and will face Republican nominee Allen Hardwick in November.[49]

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Daniel Kildee 46,065 100

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Allen Hardwick 13,557 51.32
Republican Tom Whitmire 12,859 48.68
Total votes 26,426 100

General election

Results

Michigan's 5th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Dan Kildee (Incumbent) 148,182 66.71
Republican Allen Hardwick 69,222 31.16
Libertarian Harold Jones 4,734 2.13
Total votes 222,138 100
Democratic hold

District 6

The 6th district is located in Southwest Michigan. The incumbent is Republican Fred Upton, who has represented the district since 1993 and previously represented the 4th district from 1987 to 1993. He was re-elected with 55% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of R+1.

As of September 30, 2013, Upton has raised $1,205,296.00 for the 2014 election cycle, and has $893,110.90 cash on-hand available for a presumed re-election bid.[52] Upton was challenged for the Republican primary nomination by registered nurse Jim Bussler.[53] Paul Clements, a professor at Western Michigan University, is running for the Democratic nomination.[54] Upton won the Republican nomination/[55]

Upton's relatively disappointing performance in 2012 (winning with 55%, the smallest margin of his career, after outspending his opponent $4 million to $294,000), Clements' strong fundraising and outside spending on behalf of Clements has prompted speculation that Upton could suffer an upset loss. Even a close win for Upton could persuade him to retire, as happened to Republican Charles E. Chamberlain, who only narrowly defeated Democrat Milton Robert Carr in 1972, retiring in 1974 to be succeeded by Carr.[56]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Fred Upton 37,731 71.17
Republican Jim Bussler 15,283 28.83
Total votes 53,014 100

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Paul Clements 19,894 100

General election

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Fred
Upton (R)		 Paul
Clements (D)		 Undecided
Hamilton Campaigns* October 24–26, 2014 400 ± 4.9% 47% 43% 10%
Hamilton Campaigns* October 2–5, 2014 ? ± ? 50% 35% 15%
Hamilton Campaigns* August 25–28, 2014 ? ± ? 57% 37% 6%

Results

Michigan's 6th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Fred Upton (Incumbent) 116,801 55.89
Democratic Paul Clements 84,391 40.38
Libertarian Erwin Haas 5,530 2.64
Green John Lawrence 2,254 1.08
Total votes 208,976 100
Republican hold

District 7

The 7th district is located in Southern Michigan. The incumbent is Republican Tim Walberg, who has represented the district since 2011 and previously represented the district from 2007 to 2009. He was re-elected with 53% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of R+3.

As of September 30, 2013, Walberg had raised $482,372.42, and has $570,160.47 cash on-hand available for a presumed re-election bid.[60] He is challenged in the August Republican primary by Douglas Radcliffe North.[61] Attorney and former State Representative Pam Byrnes has been recruited by Michigan Democratic Party Chairman Lon Johnson to challenge Walberg.[7][62][63] The Rothenberg Political Report rates this race as "Republican Favored."[2] Walberg won the Republican nomination.[64]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Tim Walberg 38,046 79.30
Republican Douglas North 9,934 20.70
Total votes 47,980 100

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Pam Byrnes 25,048 100

General election

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Tim
Walberg (R)		 Pam
Byrnes (D)		 Undecided
DCCC October 5, 2013 448 ± 4.6% 43% 42% 15%

Results

Michigan's 7th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Tim Walberg (Incumbent) 119,564 53.45
Democratic Pam Byrnes 92,083 41.17
Libertarian Ken Proctor 4,531 2.03
No Party Affiliation David Swartout 4,369 1.95
U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan Rick Strawcutter 3,138 1.40
Total votes 223,685 100
Republican hold

District 8

The 8th district is located in Southern and Southeast Michigan. The incumbent is Republican Mike Rogers, who has represented the district since 2001. He was re-elected with 59% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of R+2.

As of September 30, 2013, Rogers had raised $869,321.02, and has $1,819,857.21 cash on-hand available for a presumed re-election bid.[67] Rogers had considering running for the U.S. Senate,[68] but ultimately declined.[69]

Mike Rogers has decided not to seek re-election.[70] Rogers' retirement makes the formerly "Safe Republican" district more competitive. The Rothenberg Political Report now rates this race "Republican Favored"[71] and The Washington Post predicts a "scramble" in the race to win the seat.[72] Mike Bishop won the Republican nomination and Eric Schertzing won the Democratic nomination to fill Camp's seat.[73]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared
Withdrew
Declined

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Mike
Bishop		 Tom
McMillin		 Other Undecided
EPIC-MRA July 19–20, 2014 800 ± 35% 45% 33% — 22%

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Mike Bishop 35,422 60.26
Republican Tom McMillin 23,358 39.74
Total votes 58,780 100

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared
Declined

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Eric Schertzing 13,535 42.81
Democratic Susan Grettenberger 11,921 37.71
Democratic Ken Darga 3,103 9.82
Democratic Jeffrey Hank 3,054 9.66
Total votes 31,613 100

General election

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Mike
Bishop (R)		 Eric
Schertzing (D)		 Jim
Casha (G)		 James
Weeks (L)		 Undecided
GBA Strategies* August 18–21, 2013 400 ± 4.9% 42% 37% 3% 10% 8%

Results

Michigan's 8th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Mike Bishop (Incumbent) 132,739 54.60
Democratic Eric Schertzing 102,269 42.06
Libertarian James Weeks 4,557 1.87
Green Jim Casha 1,880 0.77
Natural Law Jeremy Burgess 1,680 0.69
Total votes 243,125 100
Republican hold

District 9

The 9th district is located in Southeast Michigan. The incumbent is Democrat Sander Levin, who has represented the district since 2013 and previously represented the 12th district from 1993 to 2013 and the 17th district from 1983 to 1993. He was re-elected with 62% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of D+6.

As of September 30, 2013, Levin had raised $620,167.36, and has $347,066.37 cash on-hand available for a presumed re-election bid.[89]

Republican candidate George Brikho has recently caused controversy by suggesting Adolf Hitler was a better leader than Hillary Clinton.[90]

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Sander Levin 40,877 100

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared
Withdrew

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican George Brikho 30,678 100

General election

Results

Michigan's 9th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Sander Levin (Incumbent) 136,342 60.39
Republican George Brikho 81,470 36.09
Libertarian Gregory Creswell 4,792 2.12
Green John McDermott 3,153 1.40
Total votes 225,757 100
Democratic hold

District 10

The 10th district is located an area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan known as The Thumb. The incumbent is Republican Candice Miller, who has represented the district since 2003. She was re-elected with 69% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of R+6.

As of September 30, 2013, Miller had raised $395,759.26, and has $995,281.27 cash on-hand available for a presumed re-election bid.[94] Miller declined an opportunity to run for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Carl Levin, declaring her intention to seek re-election instead.[95]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared
Failed to qualify

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Candice Miller 55,272 100

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Chuck Stadler 25,820 100

Results

Michigan's 10th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Candice Miller (Incumbent) 157,069 68.68
Democratic Chuck Stadler 67,143 29.36
Green Harley Mikkelson 4,480 1.96
Total votes 228,692 100
Republican hold


District 11

The 11th district is located northwest of Detroit. The incumbent is Republican Kerry Bentivolio, who has represented the district since 2013. He was elected in 2012, winning the general election with 51% of the vote but losing the special election to fill the final few weeks of Republican Thaddeus McCotter's term. The district has a PVI of R+4.

As of September 30, 2013, he had raised $165,479.93, and has $38,677.61 cash on-hand available for a presumed re-election bid.[99] Foreclosure attorney David Trott, a major campaign donor for Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign and a close friend to Oakland County Executive L. Brooks Patterson, is challenging Bentivolio in the Republican primary.[100] As of September 30, 2013, Trott had raised $647,719.32, and has $452,421.31 cash on-hand available for his primary challenge.[101] First quarter, 2014 Federal Election Commission filings show Trott self-funded his campaign with over $800,000 while acquiring approximately $850,000 from donors.[102] FEC filings by Rep. Kerry Bentivolio indicate he has raised approximately $440,000 from donors.[102]

Robert L. McKenzie, commonly known as Bobby McKenzie, worked for the United States Department of State as Senior Advisor, was the Democratic Party nominee.[103][104] Democrat Jocelyn Benson, the Dean of Wayne State University Law School, was considering running for the seat[105] but declined to do so in the wake of the murder of a student at Wayne State University.[106] Michigan Democratic Party Chairman Lon Johnson said the party will field a top caliber opponent against the Republican nominee.[7] In the Republican primary, Trott defeated first term incumbent Bentivolio. On the Democratic side, Robert L. McKenzie won the Democratic nomination.[107][108][109]

After his defeat, Bentivolio announced that he was running a write-in campaign. He alleged that after Trott won the primary, the Trott campaign "kept up the attacks, but they expanded it beyond me. After they won the race, they continued to beat up me, my family members, as well as my staff... I put them on notice: If they didn't stop I'm probably going to end up doing a write-in campaign. And they didn't stop." The Trott campaign has denied this, saying that "nothing like that occurred." Bentivolio does not think he will win, or even "get enough votes to keep [Trott] from getting elected... all I'm concerned about is getting people who want a voice through a protest vote to do a protest vote."[110]

The Rothenberg Political Report has rated this race "Republican Favored."[2]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Kerry
Bentivolio		 David
Trott		 Undecided
EPIC-MRA July 12–13, 2014 802 ± 3.5% 31% 53% 16%
National Research Inc.^ June 23–24, 2014 400 ± 4.9% 21% 39% 40%
MIRS May 2014 ? ± ? 33% 21% 46%
Murray Communications September 10, 2013 717 ± 3.66% 59.55% 40.45% —

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Dave Trott 42,008 66.40
Republican Kerry Bentivolio 21,254 33.60
Total votes 63,262 100

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared
Declined

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Anil
Kumar		 Bobby
McKenzie		 Bill
Roberts		 Nancy
Skinner		 Undecided
Target-Insyght June 17–19, 2014 400 ± 5% 21% 7% 5% 14% 54%

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Bobby McKenzie 13,441 34.29
Democratic Anil Kumar 12,479 31.84
Democratic Nancy Skinner 10,371 26.46
Democratic Bill Roberts 2,906 7.41
Total votes 39,197 100

General election

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 David
Trott (R)		 Bobby
McKenzie (D)		 James
Tatar (L)		 Kerry
Bentivolio (WI)		 Undecided
Mitchell Research October 15, 2014 472 ± 4.51% 47% 35% 2% 7% 10%
Tulchin Research* August 20–24, 2013 500 ± 4.38% 44% 40% — — 16%

Results

Michigan's 11th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Dave Trott 140,435 55.90
Democratic Bobby McKenzie 101,681 40.47
Libertarian John Tatar 7,711 3.07
Write-In Kerry Bentivolio (Incumbent) 1,411 0.56
Total votes 251,238 100
Republican hold

District 12

The 12th district is located between Detroit's western suburbs and Ann Arbor. The incumbent is Democrat John Dingell, who has represented the district since 2013 and previously represented the 15th district from 2003 to 2013, the 16th district from 1965 to 2003 and the 15th district from 1955 to 1965. He was re-elected with 68% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of D+15.

As of September 30, 2013, he had raised $299,148.00 and had $337,402.23 cash on-hand.[116] But after 29 terms, Dingell has decided to retire. Dingell is the longest serving congressman in United States history. This opens up a wide open race for the Democratic primary in this safe Democratic district.[117] One candidate is the congressman's wife, Wayne State University board member Deborah Dingell.[118] If she is elected, she will become the first person in U.S. history to succeed a living spouse in Congress.[119] She defeated Raymond Mullins for the Democratic nomination.[120]

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared
Declined

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Deborah
Dingell		 Doug
Geiss		 Hoon-Young
Hopgood		 Jeff
Irwin		 Rebekah
Warren		 Undecided
Revsix/Mainstreet Strategies February 26–27, 2013 813 ± 3.4% 51.13% 2.33% 4.38% 3.48% 15.68% 23%
55.93% — — — 21.59% 22.48%

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Deborah Dingell 45,162 77.66
Democratic Raymond Mullins 12,994 22.34
Total votes 58,156 100

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared
Withdrew

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Terry Bowman 18,793 100

General election

Results

Michigan's 12th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Debbie Dingell 134,346 65.00
Republican Terry Bowman 64,716 31.32
No Party Affiliation Gary Walkowicz 5,039 2.44
Libertarian Bhagwan Dashairya 2,559 1.24
Total votes 206,660 100
Democratic hold

District 13

The 13th district is located in Wayne County and includes much of the city of Detroit. The incumbent is Democrat John Conyers, who has represented the district since 2013 and previously represented the 14th district from 1993 to 2013 and the 1st district from 1965 to 1993. He was re-elected with 83% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of D+34.

As of September 30, 2013, Conyers had raised $266,996.51, and has $132,515.29 cash on-hand available for a presumed re-election bid.[125]

The Wayne County Clerk determined that Conyers did not supply enough valid signatures to make the primary ballot. Conyers could appeal or run as a write-in candidate.[126][127] While the Michigan Secretary of State confirmed the ruling, a federal judge ordered Conyers' name back on the ballot.[128] Conyers defeated Horace Sheffield III for the Democratic nomination.[129]

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John Conyers 42,005 73.88
Democratic Horace Sheffield III 14,850 26.12
Total votes 56,855 100

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Jeff Gorman 6,696 100

General election

Results

Michigan's 13th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John Conyers (Incumbent) 132,710 79.49
Republican Jeff Gorman 27,234 16.31
Libertarian Chis Sharer 3,537 2.12
No Party Affiliation Sue Johnson 3,466 2.08
Total votes 166,947 100
Democratic hold

District 14

The 14th district stretches from eastern Detroit westward to Farmington Hills, then north to the suburbs of Auburn Hills. The incumbent is Democrat Gary Peters, who has represented the district since 2013 and previously represented the 9th district from 2009 to 2013. He was re-elected with 82% of the vote in 2012 and the district has a PVI of D+29.

Peters is not running for re-election, he is instead running for the United States Senate seat being vacated by retiring Democrat Carl Levin in 2014.[132]

Brenda Lawrence won the Democratic primary on August 5, 2014.[133][134]

Christina Conyers was the only filed Republican candidate for the GOP primary.

Democratic primary

Candidates

Declared
Withdrew
Declined

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Hansen
Clarke		 Burgess
Foster		 Rudy
Hobbs		 Brenda
Lawrence		 Undecided
Mitchell Research July 28–29, 2014 ? ± ? 25% 2% 38% 22% 13%
EPIC-MRA July 12–13, 2014 802 ± 3.5% 39% 4% 20% 28% 9%
Lake Research Partners* June 3–5, 2014 400 ± 4.9% 27% 0% 6% 35% 32%
Target Insyght May 20–22, 2014 400 ± 5% 32% 5% 8% 22% 33%
Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size		 Margin of
error		 Godfrey
Dillard		 Vince
Gregrory		 Rudy
Hobbs		 Bert
Johnson		 Brenda
Lawrence		 LaMar
Lemmons		 Jessica
McCall		 Undecided
Lake Research Partners* November 14–18, 2013 406 ± 4.9% 0% 1% 6% 5% 37% 3% 0% 46%

Results

Democratic primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Brenda Lawrence 26,387 35.62
Democratic Rudy Hobbs 23,996 32.39
Democratic Hansen Clarke 22,866 30.87
Democratic Burgess Foster 831 1.12
Total votes 74,080 100

Republican primary

Candidates

Declared

Results

Republican primary results[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Christina Conyers 12,611 100

General election

Results

Michigan's 14th Congressional District, 2014[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Brenda Lawrence 165,272 77.79
Republican Christina Barr 41,801 19.67
Libertarian Leonard Schwartz 3,366 1.58
Green Stephen Boyle 1,999 0.94
Write-In Calvin Pruden 30 0.01
Total votes 212,468 100
Democratic hold

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Public Act 276 of 2012" (PDF). Michigan Legislative Website. June 27, 2012 (signed into law). Retrieved November 27, 2012. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 "House Ratings". Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  3. ↑ http://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/Election-Statistics/
  4. ↑ "2012 Official Michigan General Election Results: 1st District Representative in Congress". January 4, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  5. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Benishek for Congress, Inc.". Federal Election Commission. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  6. 1 2 Younk, Nikki (January 14, 2014). "Iron County man announces bid for First Congressional District seat". Iron Mountain Daily News. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Dickerson, Brian (August 9, 2013). "Brian Dickerson: Can mainstream GOP warm to Michigan's accidental congressman?". Detroit Free Press.
  8. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 1st District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  9. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Benishek for Congress Inc." (PDF). Federal Election Commission. January 7, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "Official Election Results Primary Election August 5, 2014". Michigan Department of State. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  11. ↑ Brian Dickerson (August 9, 2013). "Brian Dickerson: Can mainstream GOP warm to Michigan's accidental congressman?". Detroit Free Press.
  12. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Cannon for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. August 6, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  13. ↑ Klug, Fritz (August 6, 2013). "Retired general, Gitmo commander Jerry Cannon to challenge Dan Benishek for U.S. House seat in 2014". MLive Media Group. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  14. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Committee to Elect Kevin Glover" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. January 7, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Michigan General Election 2014". Michigan Secretary of State. November 4, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  16. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Huizenga for Congress, Inc.". Federal Election Commission. October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  17. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Huizenga for Congress, Inc." (PDF). Federal Election Commission. April 19, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  18. ↑ "Democratic Candidate Announces For Michigan Second Congressional District". WHTC. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  19. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Amash for Congress". Federal Election Commission. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  20. 1 2 McMillin, Zane (September 17, 2013). "Rep. Justin Amash nixes 2014 Senate run". Grand Rapids Press. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  21. 1 2 Krietz, Andrew (October 8, 2013). "West Michigan businessman Brian Ellis announces run against Rep. Justin Amash". Grand Rapids Press. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  22. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 3rd District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  23. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Amash for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. January 10, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  24. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Brian Ellis for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Senator Jansen decides against congressional run". WZZM. November 22, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  26. ↑ "G.R. Democrat to challenge Amash". WZZM. April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  27. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Richard Abbott for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. November 16, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  28. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Dave Camp for Congress". Federal Election Commission. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  29. ↑ John Breshnahan and Jake Sherman (July 30, 2013). "Dave Camp weighing Michigan Senate bid". Politico. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  30. ↑ Klug, Fritz (August 16, 2013). "Dave Camp will not run for U.S. Senate". Bay City Times. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
  31. 1 2 "Dave Camp to retire after his current term". The Washington Post. March 31, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  32. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 4th District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  33. ↑ Tower, Mark (July 23, 2013). "Roscommon Republican Peter Konetchy to challenge Dave Camp for Michigan congressional seat". Saginaw News. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  34. ↑ Tower, Mark (7 April 2014). "Saginaw County businessman Paul Mitchell enters race for Congressman Dave Camp's seat". The Saginaw News. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  35. ↑ "Moolenaar to run for Congressional seat being vacated by U.S. Rep. Dave Camp". Midland Daily News. April 1, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  36. ↑ Cameron Joseph (April 1, 2014). "The race begins for Dave Camp's seat". The Hill. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  37. ↑ Mark Tower (April 10, 2014). "State Sen. Darwin Booher won't run for Dave Camp's seat in Congress". MLive. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  38. 1 2 Sean Sullivan (April 1, 2014). "Dave Camp's retiring. Republicans are still favored to hold his seat.". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  39. ↑ Jonathan Oosting (May 5, 2014). "Tea party leader Wes Nakagiri tries again, gets signatures to challenge Lt. Gov. Brian Calley". MLive. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  40. ↑ "State Sen. Roger Kahn (R-Saginaw ...". Gongwer News Service. Twitter. March 31, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  41. ↑ Andrew Dodson (April 9, 2014). "Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette continues campaign trail at Bay County Republicans dinner". MLive. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  42. ↑ "Rep. Dave Camp of Midland won't run for re-election". Detroit Free Press. March 31, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  43. ↑ Mark Tower (April 2, 2014). "State Rep. Jim Stamas, R-Midland, announces Michigan Senate campaign". MLive. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  44. ↑ "Alma physician poised to battle for Camp's seat". Morning Sun. April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
  45. ↑ "John Barker withdraws as Jeff Holmes makes run as Democrat for 4th Congressional District". Midland Daily News. April 14, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
  46. ↑ "Democrat John Barker vying for Cong. Dave Camp's seat". Gladwin County Record & Beaverton Clarion. April 8, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  47. ↑ "News - Battle Creek Enquirer - battlecreekenquirer.com". Battle Creek Enquirer. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  48. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Friends of Dan Kildee". Federal Election Commission. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  49. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 5th District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  50. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Friends of Dan Kildee" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. May 29, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  51. 1 2 Republican making Flint Congressional run 60 miles away from his home | MLive.com
  52. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Upton For All of Us". Federal Election Commission. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  53. 1 2 Zipp, Yvonne (September 17, 2013). "Dowagiac's Jim Bussler to challenge U.S. Rep. Fred Upton in Republican Primary". Kalamazoo Gazette. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
  54. 1 2 Zipp, Yvonne (March 21, 2013). "Western Michigan University professor Paul Clements to seek Democratic nomination for Congress in 2014". Kalamazoo Gazette. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  55. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 6th District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  56. ↑ Jack Lessenberry (October 24, 2014). "Quietly, a Michigan U.S. House race provides suspense". Toledo Blade. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  57. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Committee to Elect Jim Bussler" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. August 12, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  58. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Upton For All of Us" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. November 7, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  59. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Committee to Elect Paul Clements" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. January 9, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  60. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Walberg for Congress". Federal Election Commission. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  61. 1 2 3 2014 Official Michigan Primary Candidate Listing
  62. 1 2 Stanton, Ryan J. (July 18, 2013). "Pam Byrnes announces she will run against Tim Walberg for Congress". Ann Arbor News. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  63. 1 2 Abby Livingston (July 18, 2013). "House Democrats Land Michigan Recruit #MI07". RollCall.com. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  64. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 7th District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  65. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Walberg for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. May 30, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  66. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Pam Byrnes for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 18, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  67. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Rogers For Congress". Federal Election Commission. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  68. ↑ Cassata, Donna (May 22, 2013). "Mike Rogers, Michigan Republican Congressman, Mulls Senate Bid". Huffington Post. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
  69. ↑ Spangler, Todd (June 14, 2013). "U.S. Rep. Mike Rogers won't run for Senate seat". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  70. 1 2 "Rogers says decision 'tough' to not seek re-election; calls Washington climate 'dangerous'". The Detroit News. March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  71. ↑ "Ratings Change: Michigan's 8th District". Roll Call. March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  72. ↑ "Rogers's retirement sets off scramble for Michigan seat. Here are the ones to watch.". The Washington Post. March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  73. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 8th District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  74. ↑ "Bishop in the GOP race to replace U.S. Rep. Mike Rogers". Macomb Daily Elections. March 31, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  75. 1 2 3 4 "Tom McMillin for Congress". Candidate Facebook Page. April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  76. ↑ "Mike Rogers replacements are lining up". Crain's Detroit Business. March 30, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  77. ↑ "Rochester Hills mayor drops campaign for Congress". Associated Press. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  78. ↑ "Congress MI-8: I'm out for ...". Saul Anuzis. Twitter. April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
  79. ↑ "Hune considers run for Congress". Livingston Daily. March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  80. ↑ "Hune won't run for Congress". Livingston Daily. April 10, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  81. 1 2 "Second Democrat announces run against U.S. Rep. Mike Rogers". The Morning Sun. February 26, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Who's in, who's out: See candidates who've filed for Congress; no primaries for US Senate, governor | MLive.com
  83. ↑ "New face in race to replace Rogers". Livingston Daily. April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  84. ↑ "Virg Bernero won't run for 8th Congressional seat". Lansing State Journal. April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  85. ↑ Livingston, Abby (April 8, 2014). "Democrats Lose Recruit for Mike Rogers Seat". Roll Call. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  86. ↑ "Flattered by all the text messages etc that urged ...". Mark Meadows. March 29, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  87. ↑ "Rep. Singh Announces He's Not Running For Congress". WLNS. March 31, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  88. ↑ | Detroit Free Press | freep.com
  89. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Levin For Congress". Federal Election Commission. October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  90. ↑ George Brikho thinks Hitler is a better person than Hillary Clinton. Brikho is running for US Congress in Michigan | Peace . Gold . LOVE
  91. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Levin For Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. January 23, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  92. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Committee to Elect George Brikho" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. April 9, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  93. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Dildilian for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  94. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Candice Miller for Congress". Federal Election Commission. October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  95. 1 2 Spangler, Todd (March 8, 2013). "U.S. Rep. Candice Miller says she will not seek Levin's seat". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
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  97. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Committee to Elect Don Volaric" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 12, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  98. ↑ "About Chuck". Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  99. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Bentivolio for Congress". Federal Election Commission. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  100. 1 2 Schultz, Marissa (September 4, 2013). "Oakland County lawyer, fundraiser launches bid to unseat Bentivolio". Detroit News. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
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  103. 1 2 Egan, Paul (October 24, 2013). "Ex-State Department official Bobby McKenzie seeks to unseat Kerry Bentivolio". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  104. 1 2 Heinlein, Gary (October 24, 2013). "Counter-terrorism expert seeks Rep. Bentivolio's seat". Detroit News. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
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  106. ↑ Livingston, Abby (December 3, 2013). "Democrats Lose Top Recruit to Challenge Bentivolio (Updated)". Roll Call. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  107. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 11th District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  108. ↑ http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20140805/POLITICS01/308050103/Challenger-Dave-Trott-defeats-U-S-Rep-Kerry-Bentivolio?odyssey=tab|topnews|text|FRONTPAGE
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  110. ↑ "Kerry Bentivolio to Wage Write-In Campaign". Roll Call. October 2, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  111. ↑ Aisner, Ari (October 24, 2013). "Birmingham's David Wolkinson Joins Bentivolio Re-Election Campaign". Birmingham Patch. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  112. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Bentivolio for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. April 16, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  113. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Trott for Congress, Inc." (PDF). Federal Election Commission. September 5, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  114. 1 2 "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Kumar for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. September 5, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  115. ↑ Shepardson, David (December 3, 2013). "WSU law school dean Benson will not run for Congress". Detroit News. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  116. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for John D. Dingell for Congress". Federal Election Commission. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  117. ↑ John Dingell, longest-serving U.S. representative, to retire | Detroit Free Press | freep.com
  118. ↑ Debbie Dingell to announce run for husband's U.S. House seat | Detroit Free Press | freep.com
  119. ↑ Debbie Dingell Looks to Succeed John Dingell in Michigan
  120. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 12th District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  121. ↑ Debbie Dingell to run for House seat being vacated by John Dingell
  122. ↑ Will Debbie Dingell Succeed Her Husband in Congress? | At the Races
  123. ↑ http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/article/20140307/NEWS01/303070024/State-Sen-Rebekah-Warren-not-running-Dingell-seat?nclick_check=1
  124. ↑ Schultz, Marisa (25 April 2014). "Rochester Hills mayor pulls out of race for Congress". The Detroit News. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  125. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 3 for Conyers for Congress". Federal Election Commission. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  126. ↑ Rep. John Conyers falls far short of signatures needed for August ballot, clerk says | Detroit Free Press | freep.com
  127. ↑ Wait, John Conyers was ruled ineligible for the ballot after 50 years in office?
  128. ↑ Conyers camp celebrates federal judge's ruling putting him on ballot | Detroit Free Press | freep.com
  129. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 13th District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position Files In WAYNE County". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  130. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Conyers for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 13, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  131. ↑ "Rev. Horace Sheffield gearing up to challenge Congressman John Conyers". Freep.com. February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  132. ↑ Spangler, Todd (May 1, 2013). "Congressman Gary Peters to run for retiring Sen. Carl Levin's seat in 2014". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
  133. ↑ "2014 Official Michigan Primary Election Results - 14th District Representative in Congress 2 Year Term (1) Position". Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  134. ↑ http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20140805/POLITICS01/308050107/Lawrence-declares-victory-over-Hobbs-tight-race-replace-Peters
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  136. ↑ Spangler, Todd (May 15, 2013). "Southfield State Rep. Rudy Hobbs to run for Peters' congressional seat". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
  137. ↑ "Southfield Mayor: Detroit, don't drop dead". Detroit News. January 23, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  138. ↑ "Detroit attorney may run for Attorney General". WHTC. January 27, 2014.
  139. ↑ "FEC Disclosure Form 2 for Exploratory Committee of Dunwoody for Congress" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. August 22, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  140. ↑ "Kelly Garrett". Kelly Garrett. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
  141. ↑ "Two Republicans definitely in race to succeed Mike Rogers". Livingston Daily. April 1, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  142. ↑ Spangler, Todd (April 14, 2014). "State Sen. Bert Johnson opts for re-election over congressional bid". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  143. ↑ "McCall jumps into Michigan 14th Congressional District race". Oakland Press Politics. September 17, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
  144. ↑ "Vote Jessica McCall". Facebook. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
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