Venezuelan presidential election, 2006

Venezuelan presidential election, 2006
Venezuela
3 December 2006
Turnout 74.69%
 
Nominee Hugo Chávez Manuel Rosales
Party MVR UNT
Home state Barinas Zulia
States carried 23 + CD 0
Popular vote 7,309,080 4,292,466
Percentage 62.8% 36.9%

Results by state. Red indicates states carried by Chávez. Darker shades indicate higher percentage.
President before election

Hugo Chávez
PSUV

 Elected President

Hugo Chávez
PSUV

The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela held presidential elections on 3 December 2006, to choose a president for the six-year term to begin on 10 January 2007. The contest was between incumbent President Hugo Chávez, and Zulia Governor Manuel Rosales of the opposition party UNT.

After handily winning a recall referendum in 2004, President Chávez positioned himself for re-election in 2006 for a second full term. The opposition did not hold a primary, instead, the candidates reached a consensus into backing the governor of the largest state (Zulia), Manuel Rosales. Chávez benefited from a high popularity, and led most opinion polls throughout the campaign. He went to win re-election by the widest margin by percentage of the popular vote since the 1947 election; and by the largest margin of votes cast in the history of Venezuela. Chávez would eventually win another term 6 years later, before dying only a month into that term.

Main candidates

Hugo Chávez
Manuel Rosales

International observers

Four organisations were given permission to send official election observers to monitor the elections: Carter Center,[1] European Union,[2] Mercosur[3] and Organization of American States.[4]

A fifth organisation was refused permission: Cortes Generales (Spanish parliament).[5][6]

Primary election

Civil society organization Súmate recommended procedures for a primary, to be held on 13 August 2006, to choose the opposition candidate for the December 2006 presidential elections.[7] Teodoro Petkoff, a Chávez critic, said that Súmate's procedure was authoritarian, comparing it to the Carmona Decree.[8] Nine other candidates agreed to the terms for holding a primary, confirming their desire to allow the citizens to choose the opposition candidate. Another candidate condemned Petkoff's remarks against Súmate, saying that Petkoff's statements did not help the country, and explaining that the conditions for holding a primary had been previously discussed between all of the candidates, including Petkoff.[7][9] On 9 August, Súmate announced that the 13 August primary election would not be held, since the candidates had decided to back Manuel Rosales as the single opposition candidate. Machado said that the primary "initiative accomplished its goal and that Súmate would continue working to ensure clean elections and respect for citizens' rights".[10]

Campaign platforms

"Red Tide takes Caracas": Pro-Chávez march on multiple avenues
Rally in support of Rosales

Chávez

Chávez's campaign manager Rafael Lacava said that the campaign was to be based on defending Venezuela's national sovereignty and promoting world peace. According to Unión Radio, Lacava added that a campaign theme was to be the "country's freedom to no longer be a North American colony".[11] According to the Associated Press, Chávez launched his campaign "with warnings that Washington is trying to undermine December's presidential vote and destabilize Venezuela", saying "I am the candidate of the revolution and without a doubt I am the candidate of the national majority", dismissing other candidates as "tools of the U.S. government".[12] El Universal reports that Chávez said, "In this electoral process there are two candidates only, namely Hugo Chávez and George W. Bush".[13]

Chávez promised that if elected he would personally convoke a midterm recall referendum in the year 2010 without the need for petition signatures as was the case with the 2004 recall referendum. This consult would allow the voters of Venezuela to remove him from his post. He has said that if he won that recall referendum, he would then call for a referendum to ask the people for indefinite re-election to be put into the constitution.[14] On 26 November Chávez made his final rally in Caracas; it was called "The Red Tide takes Caracas". Reuters estimated that hundreds of thousands participated.[15] Chávez supporters packed several streets.

Manuel Rosales

Main article: Manuel Rosales

Rosales said that the backbone of his government program was to be the social arena, saying it will be a "sound and well defined" program, including a "fair allocation of oil revenues by means of two axes– minimum wage for all unemployed and direct contribution to the underprivileged".[16] The latter being promoted as Mi Negra which is a debit card handed out to the poor with monthly deposits from 20% of oil industry profits. Nevertheless, a poll shows 59% of the Venezuelan people rejected the Mi Negra program, preferring stable jobs.[17] According to the Los Angeles Times, Rosales stated that Chávez was vulnerable on his "massive foreign aid programs, government-approved takeovers of land and buildings, and the perception that crime is increasing". Rosales said, "We will distribute land to the peasants, but we will buy it in such a way as to respect the principle of private property, just as we will respect those of human rights and social justice". Rosales would halt oil giveaways, "including sales of discounted oil to Cuba, until Venezuela reduced its high poverty rate".[18]

The Associated Press reports that Rosales accuses Chávez of "overspending on a military buildup" and pledged "to use Venezuela's oil wealth to help the poor and improve education and health care", ridiculing Chávez's "claims of a possible war with the U.S." and saying, "Venezuela's real war should be against rampant street crime".[19] Rosales held several large rallies around the country; the largest being "Las Avalanchas" in Caracas.[20] Rallies were held in several states to try to get the Rosales campaign to be heard by as many people as possible. To close his election campaign, Manuel Rosales held a huge final rally in Caracas with an estimate by the Associated Press to be in the hundreds of thousands.[21]

No debate held

Rosales demanded a public debate, saying Chávez should choose the TV channel where the debate would be broadcast. He also said "I am waiting for him (Chávez) to have a debate with me broadcast by all the TV channels to allow Venezuelans to know what is the project and the vision of the country he has and the project and vision we have". Chávez declared he would not debate Rosales because "the candidates from the opposition do not even have the condition to debate a schoolboy or girl in sixth grade from a Bolivarian school".[22][23]

Campaign slogans and ads

Chávez

Chávez launched his campaign with a slogan of 10 Millones de votos (10 million votes),[24] On multiple occasions the campaign used the more combatitive "10 millones por el buche" (10 million votes down their throats).[25] On 17 August 2006, while leading the oath at the national campaign headquarters (Commando Miranda), Chávez acknowledged that 10 million votes would be hard to attain.[13][25] The 10 Million votes slogan remained popular as symbolic of the desire of Chávez supporters to not just win, but win by a wide margin to prevent accusations from Rosales supporters that fraud was used to win the election.

From 9 October, Chávez campaign used the slogans por amor (for love) and Chávez, victoria de Venezuela (Chávez, Venezuela's victory). They also used the slogan uh, ah, Chávez no se va (ooh, oh, Chávez won't go) from the 2004 recall referendum campaign.[26][27] A poll conducted by Cifras Escenarios reported that 76.7% of Venezuelans liked the love message.[28] The English translation of the message is as follows:

“ Always, I have done everything out of love.

For the love of trees and rivers, I became a painter. For the love of knowledge, studies, I left my dearest village, to study. For the love of sports I became a ball player. For the love of the motherland I became a soldier. For the love of the people I became President, you made me President. I have ruled these years out of love. For love we did Barrio Adentro. For love we did Mission Robinson. For love we did Mercal. We have done everything for love. There is a lot left to do. I need more time. I NEED YOUR VOTE. YOUR VOTE FOR LOVE.

 ”

Manuel Rosales

Atrévete con Manuel Rosales is the Rosales campaign slogan.[29]

¡Ni el imperio, ni el barbudo! (Neither the [U.S.] empire, nor the [Cuban] bearded one!) is a slogan used by Rosales in launching his campaign, intended to "hit Chávez where the Venezuelan comandante is most vulnerable: his penchant for giving away billions of dollars to foreign countries, while nearly half of the Venezuelan people live in poverty" referring to subsidized oil deals to both Cuba and the United States. "We are not going to be the empire's defenders," Rosales said. "The empire must respect our sovereignty, and we must respect the empire," and "we cannot be looking at societies like Cuba as a model to be copied. We want modernity, transformation, development."[30]

Retired candidates

Minor candidates

The ballot was the largest in Venezuelan history which, according to El Universal, is explained by division among adherents to grassroots Chavismo.[33]

Endorsements

Chávez

Rosales

  • Venezuela de Primera[41]
  • Venezuela Somos Todos[36]

Calling for abstention

Predictions

Polls

Polling company Date published Hugo Chávez (%) Manuel Rosales (%)
Evans/McDonough 29 November 2006[43][44] 57 38
Fundación CEPS / Veneopsa ++ 24 November 2006[45] 59.7 39.6
Zogby International 24 November 2006[46] 60 31
Associated Press-Ipsos 23 November 2006[47] 59 27
Instituto Venezolano de Análisis de Datos 23 November 2006[48] 54.6 27.5
Observatorio Hannah Arendt* 18 November 2006[49] 51 49
Penn, Schoen & Berland 15 November 2006[50] 48 42
Datanálisis 15 November 2006[51] 52.5 25.5
Centro de Estudios Políticos y Sociales 15 November 2006[50] 58 40
Consultores XXI 15 November 2006[50] 58.8 40
Hinterlaces 9 November 2006[52] 45 27
Evans/McDonough 7 November 2006[44][53] 57 35
Instituto Venezolano de Análisis de Datos 1 November 2006[54] 53.2 28.1
Keller y Asociados+ 2 November 2006[55] 52 48
Escenarios 1 November 2006[56] 63.3 26
Ceca 23 October 2006[57] 39.5 41.3
Zogby International 23 October 2006[58] 59 24
Instituto Venezolano de Análisis de Datos 12 October 2006[59] 51.5 22.7
Penn, Schoen & Berland 16 September 2006[60] 50 37
Datanálisis 13 September 2006[61] 58.2 17.4
People's Daily +++ 25 August 2006[62] 58.9 19.3
Miami Herald +++ 20 August 2006[30] 35 25

(*) Technical tie

(+) Results are political segmentation, not voter intention[63]

(++) This poll was attributed to the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. University's authorities clarified that they have not knowledge about this study. One of members of the CEPS happen to be a university faculty.

(+++) Publisher does not mention polling company.

International markets

International markets largely saw a Chávez victory. Rafael de la Fuente of BNP Paribas stated "The market expects a Chávez victory, they don't even question it". Ricardo Amorim of WestLB Research "The vision I see is that of a 20 point victory... We would be surprised if he does not win". Patrick Esteruelas of Eurasia Group saw Chávez winning by 60 percent. Also arguing that a high turnout would benefit Chávez, Goldman Sachs dismissed the close polling arguing, "Chávez is the favorite to win the election due to vast control of logistical and financial state resources, and influence over key institutions".[64]

Election day timeline

Polling stations opened at 6:00 a.m. but newspaper El Universal reported that in some electoral centers, voters waited in line since 3:00 a.m.[65] According to the National Electoral Council (CNE) director Humberto Castillo, the turnout in polling stations was massive, and the conditions were "normal" throughout the country.[66] Polling station were scheduled to close at 4:00 p.m.[65] Around 5 p.m., CNE president Tibisay Lucena officially announced the end of the voting process, but gave orders to keep polling stations open if voters still remained in line.[67]

Rosales' campaign team denounced irregularities in the closing of some voting booths, saying that Plan República—the armed forces sent to guard the electoral process—would not let some electoral centers be closed even though no voters remained in line.[68] Rosales' spokesman also alerted about the reopening of already closed centers.[69] CNE member Vicente Díaz later reaffirmed that all polling stations without voters in line must be closed, and that no booths under any circumstances could be reopened.[70]

Results

The 29 January 2007 report from the CNE showed the following results:

 Venezuelan presidential election, 2006
Candidates Votes %
Hugo Chávez (Fifth Republic Movement) 7,309,080 62.84%
Manuel Rosales (A New Era) 4,292,466 36.9%
Luis Reyes 4,807 0.04%
Venezuela Da Silva 3,980 0.03%
Carmelo Romano Pérez 3,735 0.03%
Alejandro Suárez 2,956 0.02%
Eudes Vera 2,806 0.02%
Carolina Contreras 2,169 0.01%
Pedro Aranguren 2,064 0.01%
José Tineo 1,502 0.01%
Yudith Salazar 1,355 0.01%
Ángel Yrigoyen 1,316 0.01%
Homer Rodríguez 1,123 0%
Isbelia León 793 0%
Total (Turnout 74.69 %) 11,790,397 100.0
Source: CNE:[71] null votes: 160,245 (1.35% of all votes)
Popular vote
Chávez
  
 62.84%
Rosales
  
 36.90%
Others
  
 0.26%

Reactions

Shortly after the first set of partial results was broadcast on the night of the election, Hugo Chávez showed up in the Balcón del Pueblo (Spanish for The People's Balcony) in the presidential palace to celebrate his victory and address his followers. Chávez announced that a new era has started in Bolivarian development, focused in the expansion of the Bolivarian Revolution.[72]

That same night, Manuel Rosales made a brief speech to the nation, recognizing that he had been defeated. But he insisted that the two exit poll studies his supporters had made, and the results of the audits, showed a narrower difference between him and Chávez than was reported by Lucena.[73] Rosales said in his speech that he and his supporters "will be in streets to prove that the results by the National Electoral Council are not correct, that the gap is narrower that what presented."[74]

The elections were monitored by The Carter Center, who in an extensive report concluded that the elections were "fair, transparent and without serious irregularities".[75] Carter Center praised "the civic spirit of the elections" and hoped that "other Latin American nations will follow Venezuela's example in the future."[75]

A study conducted by Ezequiel Zamora (former vicepresident of the CNE), Freddy Malpica (former rector of the Universidad Simón Bolívar), Guillermo Salas (USB professor), Jorge Tamayo (UCV professor), Ramiro Esparragoza (UCV professor), four statistics experts and three computer engineers concluded in January 2007 that the 2006 Presidential elections presented "important statistical inconsistencies, despite the fact that the opposition candidate recognized the results". They argued that the elections results of many electoral centers showed a very regular statistical distribution of the votes in favor of Rosales in comparison with the dispersion of the votes for Chávez. This suggest that the regularities are the possible result of numerical ceilings embedded in the voting machines. Also there seems to be a regular statistical abstention of 25% in most electoral centers and no signs of dispersion. They have recommended further studies of the data in order to understand the deficiencies of the Venezuelan electoral system and in order to have a "minimum of transparency" in any future electoral process.[76]

Electoral audits

Even though a fair number of international observers were present, the CNE instituted an open and public series of audits of the vote results. Each one of the 11,118 automated polling places was equipped with multiple high-tech touch-screen DRE voting machines, one to a "mesa electoral", or voting "table". In total, 32,331 voting machines were in use country-wide. After the vote is cast, each machine prints out a paper ballot, or VVPAT, which is inspected by the voter and deposited in a ballot box belonging to the machine's table. The voting machines perform in a stand-alone fashion, disconnected from any network until the polls close.[77] Voting session closure at each of the voting stations in a given polling center is determined either by the lack of further voters after the lines have emptied, or by the hour, at the discretion of the president of the voting table.

Tally scrutinization

After the polls close at any voting table, the following steps are carried out:[77]

Random paper ballot audit

Once the tally scrutinization is complete the staff proceeds to perform a random paper ballot audit of 54.31% of the machines. Each voting center can have anywhere from one to twelve voting machines, occasionally up to fifteen. The staff randomly selects the tables/machines by drawing a number out of a paper hat. The size of the draw is dependent on the number of tables/machines.[77]

Number of Machines Number of Machines to be Audited Total Machines audited
1 to 2 1 5,795
3 to 5 2 6,002
6 to 8 3 4,011
9 to 10 4 980
More than 10 5 770
Audited Total Machine Universe Percentage audited
17,558 32,331 54.31%

The following procedures occur step by step:[77]

Concerns over the Electoral Registry

Opposition candidates and political parties have voiced concerns over the possible inaccuracies of the national electoral registry. Previous elections have shown that there might be a great number of deceased people still on the records. The CNE has audited the Registry on multiple occasions; the first occurred in early 2006 by IIDH-CAPEL (Costa Rican Human Right org) that concluded there was nothing found that delegitimized the registry.[78] A second review process started in mid-2006 where the CNE asked all the public universities of Venezuela to conduct also an external review of the electoral registry. However, the review project presented by the Central University of Venezuela, Simón Bolívar University and the Andrés Bello Catholic University was rejected by the CNE. One of the proposed methods by these institutions was comparing census data with the electoral registry.[79] They nevertheless ran their audit in parallel and the representative of the three institutions José Miguel Bernardo concluded "In practice [these errors] do not favor the government and their distribution is uniform."[80] A second mathematician involved in the audit, Raúl Jiménez, concluded "One must be responsible. The electoral registry is a disaster and the CNE has done nothing to improve it, but there is nothing to indicate a political intention in the anomalies."[80]

The CNE performed the third audit with the aid of seven other public universities and with the Carter Center and two senators from the Belgian parliament observing the audit.[80] The senators were Jacinta de Roeck, independent, and Sfia Bouarfa, from the French-speaking Socialist Party.[81]

In June 2006, a privately funded preliminary study by Genaro Mosquera, a statistics professor at the Central University and member of the political party Democratic Action,[82] claimed that in the last three years the registry grew 27% compare to a population growth of only 7.3% during those years and also a much larger growth than the regular increasse of the registry of 12% every five years between 1948 and 2000. One of the flagship government Bolivarian Missions was Mission Identidad, where roughly 5 million citizens were awarded an ID card and the right to register and vote.[83] Also, by comparing the official population numbers provided with by the Office of National Statistics with the CNE registry, there seems to be more register voters of 45 years of age and over than actual population.[79]

According to NGO Ojo Electoral (Electoral Eye) preliminary results of a comparison between the Electoral Registry and demographic projections of the National Institute of Statistics (INE) suggests that inconsistencies in the voter data base cannot modify the results of the election.[84]

Other concerns

The opposition is denouncing unfair pressure by the government against those governmental workers who might not want to support the president. They released a video that showed energy minister and head of PDVSA, Rafael Ramírez, telling state oil workers to back President Hugo Chávez or to leave their jobs. He also said PDVSA is red "from top to bottom"(PDVSA es roja, rojita de arriba abajo). He also said that PDVSA's "workers are with this revolution, and those who aren't should go somewhere else. Go to Miami". Opposition media outlets have been repeating the 14-minute video over and over again. President Chávez said he supported the PDVSA director and recommended him to make the same speech to oil workers 100 times a day.[85] The CNE opened an investigation into Rafael Ramírez following the protests from the opposition[86] and Ramírez was eventually fined.[87]

Notes

  1. ↑ Terra. Observadores de la UE tendrán plena libertad en las elecciones. (15 November 2006). Retrieved 17 November 2006.(Spanish)
  2. ↑ El Universal 15 November 2006 CNE y Unión Europea firman memorando de entendimiento para observación internacional. Retrieved 15 November 2006 (Spanish)
  3. ↑ Globovision Mercosur enviará misión de observación a elecciones de Venezuela. Retrieved 27 November 2006 (Spanish)
  4. ↑ El Universal 23 November 2006 OEA se compromete a señalar "cualquier anomalía" que detecte en el proceso electoral. Retrieved 23 November 2006(Spanish)
  5. ↑ El Universal 29 November 2006 Parlamentarios españoles lamentan su ausencia el 3D. Retrieved 29 November 2006(Spanish)
  6. ↑ Terra 29 November 2006 Venezuela rechaza misión observadores españoles en elecciones. Retrieved 29 November 2006(Spanish)
  7. 1 2 Súmate announced primaries for August 13th. El Universal (7 July 2006).
  8. ↑ Teodoro Petkoff refuses to run in primaries. El Universal (7 July 2006).
  9. ↑ Froilán Barrios condenó expresiones de Petkoff. El Universal (7 July 2006). (Spanish)
  10. ↑ Súmate: there will be no primary elections. El Universal (8 August 2006).
  11. ↑ Unión Radio. Campaña de Chávez estará basada en la defensa de la soberanía. (21 August 2006) Retrieved 21 August 2006. (Spanish)
  12. ↑ Barbour, Scott. Venezuela's Chavez launches campaign for re-election. Associated Press (12 August 2006).
  13. 1 2 Chávez: "10 million vote goal is hard to attain". El Universal (18 August 2006).
  14. ↑ Government of Venezuela. Chávez anuncia que convocará su referéndum revocatorio de mandato. (1 September 2006) Retrieved 2 September 2006. (Spanish)
  15. ↑ Chavez vows to beat the "devil". Retrieved 27 November 2006
  16. ↑ Rosales's candidacy formally announced. El Universal (9 August 2006).
  17. ↑ El Nacional 59% de los venezolanos reprueban plan Mi Negra. Retrieved 2 June 2006 (Spanish)
  18. ↑ Kraul, Chris. "Chavez's Foes Cancel Primary, Line Up Behind One Candidate." Los Angeles Times (9 August 2006).
  19. ↑ Sanchez, Fabiola. "Rosales Opposition Choice to Face Chavez". Associated Press (10 August 2006).
  20. ↑ Bloomberg. Mass Venezuela opposition rally (8 October 2006). Retrieved 2 November 2006.
  21. ↑ Associated Press Anti-Chavez protesters march en masse in Caracas. Retrieved 27 November 2006
  22. ↑ Prensa Latina. Debate centra campaña opositora en Venezuela. (24 October 2006). Retrieved 28 November 2006.(Spanish)
  23. ↑ Globovision. Candidato Chávez aseguró que candidatos de la oposición no tienen condiciones para un debate.(22 October 2006). Retrieved 28 November 2006.(Spanish)
  24. ↑ El Universal (El Universal 29 October 2006)Caravana del oficialismo en Caracas. Retrieved 11 November 2006 (Spanish) "y el slogan de los diez millones de votos."
  25. 1 2 "Comando Miranda juramentado como frente anti-imperialista". Venezolana de Televisión-Ministerio de Comunicación e Información (17 August 2006). (Spanish)
  26. ↑ El Tiempo. El presidente Hugo Chávez es ahora amoroso y azul. (12 October 2006). Retrieved 29 October 2006. (Spanish)
  27. ↑ The Guardian. "The New-Look Chávez: Lover, People's Poet, Electioneer." (18 October 2006).
  28. ↑ Terra. El 76,7 por ciento de los venezolanos aprueba el 'mensaje de amor' de Hugo Chávez. (22 October 2006). Retrieved 29 October 2006 (Spanish)
  29. ↑ Atrévete con Manual Rosales.. Retrieved 25 August 2006.
  30. 1 2 Oppenheimer, Andrés (20 August 2006). "Opposition candidate takes distance from `empire'". Miami Herald. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  31. ↑ El Universal 29 November 2006 (03:47 PM) Caldera Infante se retira y apoya candidatura de Rosales. Retrieved 29 November 2006(Spanish)
  32. ↑ Terra Dimite opositor que figuraba en encuestas tras Rosales y Chávez. Retrieved 15 November 2006(Spanish)
  33. ↑ Heading for presidential elections. El Universal (25 August 2006).
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Poder Electoral admitió postulaciones de siete candidatos presidenciales. El Universal (19 August 2006). (Spanish)
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agencia Bolivariana de Noticias. La revolución inscribió a Chávez como su candidato. (12 August 2006). Retrieved 12 August 2006. (Spanish)
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 CNE. CNE recibio postulaciones en respaldo a candidatura de Manuel Rosales. (20 August 2006). Retrieved 20 August 2006. (Spanish)
  37. ↑ El Universal Comando por la resistencia da apoyo a Rosales y llama a votar el 3D (9 November 2006) Retrieved 11 November 2006 (Spanish)
  38. ↑ Convergencia: Un compromiso de solidaridad. "Las autoridades convergentes tomaron la decisión de apoyar la candidatura unitaria del gobernador Manuel Rosales con la tarjeta propia de Convergencia." Retrieved 2 September 2006.
  39. ↑ Copei joins Rosales' campaign team. El Universal (21 August 2006).
  40. ↑ El-Universal Piedra party votes Rosales. Retrieved 23 November 2006
  41. ↑ Roberto Smith steps down on behalf of Rosales. El Universal (24 August 2006).
  42. ↑ Globovisión El presidente de Acción Democrática declaró que no se cambiará la línea abstencionista. (17 August 2006) Retrieved 20 August 2006 (Spanish)
  43. ↑ Martínez, Ana Isabel (29 November 2006). "Chávez sería reelecto por amplio margen: sondeo" (in Spanish). Reuters. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  44. 1 2 "Venezuelan Polling". Evans McDonough Company. 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  45. ↑ "Universidad Complutense ratifica diferencia de 20 puntos a favor de Chávez" (in Spanish). Radio Nacional de Venezuela. 24 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  46. ↑ "Encuestadora Zogby: Chávez sería reelecto por amplio margen". La Cadena Global. 24 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006. (Spanish)
  47. ↑ "The Associated Press-Ipsos Poll: Venezuela Pre-election Study" (PDF). Ipsos Venezuela. 24 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  48. ↑ "Las encuestas otorgan a Chávez más del 54% de los votos de cara a las presidenciales". Terra. 24 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  49. ↑ "Encuesta del Hannah Arendt señala que hay empate técnico" (in Spanish). El Universal. 18 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  50. 1 2 3 "Encuestadora estadounidense da 48% a Chávez y 42% a Rosales" (in Spanish). 15 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  51. ↑ "Chávez at 52.5%, Would Win in Venezuela". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  52. ↑ "Chávez mantiene amplia ventaja electoral frente opositor: sondeo" (in Spanish). Reuters. 9 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  53. ↑ "Chávez Seems Headed for New Win in Venezuela". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 8 November 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  54. ↑ Miguel, Lozano (1 November 2006). "Delineada victoria electoral de Chávez en Venezuela" (in Spanish). Prensa Latina. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  55. ↑ "Encuesta registra empate técnico entre Hugo Chávez y candidato opositor" (in Spanish). 24 Horas Libre. 2 November 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  56. ↑ "Más de 70% de los venezolanos cree que Chávez ganará las elecciones". Radio Nacional de Venezuela. 1 November 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  57. ↑ "Para Ceca persiste empate técnico entre Chávez y Rosales" (in Spanish). Unión Radio. 23 October 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  58. ↑ "Support for Chávez Still High in Venezuela". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 26 October 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  59. ↑ "Chávez goza de la mayoría en intención de voto según encuesta" (in Spanish). El Nacional. 14 October 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  60. ↑ "Encuesta revela vulnerabilidad de Chávez de cara al 3 de Diciembre: H.Chávez:50% M.Rosales:37%" (in Spanish). Globovisión. 16 September 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  61. ↑ "Encuesta: 58% de los venezolanos votaría por Chávez" (in Spanish). Línea Capital. 13 September 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  62. ↑ "10 presidential candidates to vie for Venezuelan presidency". People's Daily. 25 August 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  63. ↑ Diaz, Sara (El Universal 5 November 2006) La última palabra en las elecciones la tienen los indecisos. Retrieved 25 November 2006 (Spanish) "Keller afirma que fue mal interpretado cuando explicó que el tamaño del mercado de Chávez es de 52% mientras que el de Rosales es de 48%: "No me refería a la intención de voto sino a la segmentación política"
  64. ↑ Sondeos reflejan que mercados foráneos dan por sentado triunfo de Chávez, El Universal. Retrieved 21 November 2006 (Spanish)
  65. 1 2 "Comenzó a tempranas horas proceso de votación" (in Spanish). El Universal. 3 December 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  66. ↑ "Massive turnout in polling stations". El Universal. 3 December 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  67. ↑ "CNE declara fin oficial del proceso de votación" (in Spanish). El Universal. 3 December 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  68. ↑ "Comando de Rosales denuncia que Plan República impide cierre de mesas" (in Spanish). El Universal. 3 December 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  69. ↑ "Comando Rosales denuncia reapertura forzada de mesas cerradas" (in Spanish). El Universal. 3 December 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  70. ↑ "Rector Díaz: Toda mesa que no tenga electores en la cola debe estar cerrada" (in Spanish). El Universal. 3 December 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  71. ↑ "Elección presidencial". CNE. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-14.(Spanish)
  72. ↑ "Chávez: El reino del socialismo es el reino del futuro venezolano" (in Spanish). El Universal. 3 December 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2006.
  73. ↑ "Rosales reconoce triunfo de Hugo Chávez" (in Spanish). El Universal. 3 December 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
  74. ↑ "Rosales: El margen de diferencia de los resultados es más pequeño" (in Spanish). El Nacional. 3 December 2006. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2006.
  75. 1 2 http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/democracy/venezuela_2006_eng.pdf
  76. ↑ "Frente Patriótico denuncia "topes" en votación de diciembre" El Nacional 27 January 2007, p. A-2.
  77. 1 2 3 4 Consejo Nacional Electoral Manual Operativo para Miembros, Secretaria o Secretario de Mesa Electoral. Retrieved 28 November 2006 (Spanish)
  78. ↑ Auditoria internacional del Registro Electoral. Retrieved 5 November 2006 (Spanish)
  79. 1 2 Pereira, Javier. "Detectaron inconsistencias demográficas entre los votantes mayores de 45 años". El Nacional (25 June 2006) p. A-2. (Spanish)
  80. 1 2 3 Willpert, Gregory (Venezuela Analysis 22 July 2006) Preliminary Results of Venezuela’s Voter Registry Audit Show No Intent for Fraud. Retrieved 5 November 2006
  81. ↑ Sfia Bouarfa: Mission d'observation au Venezuela
  82. ↑ INFORME DEL COMITÉ EJECUTIVO NACIONAL (C.E.N.) AL COMITÉ DIRECTIVO NACIONAL (C.D.N.) 07 DE AGOSTO DE 2006. Globovisión (13 August 2006). (Spanish)
  83. ↑ Mission Identidad. Retrieved 11 November 2006 (Spanish) "La Misión IDENTIDAD, uno de los más recientes beneficios sociales, posibilitó cedular a 5 millones 76 mil personas, de ellos más de 600 mil venezolanos e inmigrantes extranjeros con muchos años en el país obtuvieron por primera vez su cédula de identidad, primera condición para convertirse de excluidos en ciudadanos, con derecho a participar en procesos electorales, y a existir como personas."
  84. ↑ El Universal. Ojo electoral avala Registro Electoral para elección presidencial. (19 August 2006) Retrieved 24 August 2006 (Spanish)
  85. ↑ Storm over Venezuela oil speech BBC (Retrieved 6 November 2006)
  86. ↑ Nacional y Política – eluniversal.com
  87. ↑ "Sancionado Ramírez por el "rojo rojito"" (in Spanish). El Universal. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2007.

See also

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