Western Pahari

Western Pahari
Himachali Dogri–Kangri
Geographic distribution:	Himalayas of Nepal, India, and Pakistan
Linguistic classification:	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan North-Western[1] Western Pahari
ISO 639-2 / 5:	him
Glottolog:	hima1250[2]

The Western Pahari, or Himachali languages, are a range of languages and dialects spoken in the western parts of the Himalayan range, in northeastern Pakistan and the state of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Languages

Some Western Pahari languages, notably Dogri and Kangri, are tonal, like their close relative Panjabi but unlike most other Indic languages. Dogri has been an official language in India since 2003.

Although traditionally called Western Pahari, they are not as close to the other Pahari languages as they are to Panjabi. They are a dialect chain, and neighboring varieties may be mutually intelligible.

• Dogri–Kangri (closer to each other than either is to the other languages)
• Mandeali and various Chambealic varieties
• Jaunsari
• Nuclear Himachali:
  • Kullu
  • Harijan Kinnauri
  • Hinduri
  • Mahasu Pahari
  • Sirmauri

The Potwari language of Pakistan has traditionally been considered Western Pahari, but is now generally placed with the Lahnda languages (Panjabi).

Some Western Pahari languages have occasionally been regarded as dialects of either Hindi^[3] or Panjabi.

See also

• Pahari languages

References

1. Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Himachali". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Masica 1991, p. 13.

Bibliography

• Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.

External links

• Map of Western Pahari languages from Grierson's early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India