Bannock (food)

Bannock

Traditional beremeal bannock, as made in Orkney, Scotland. The separated sector is a scone.
Type Quick bread
Place of origin Scotland
Region or state North America, Shetland Islands
Cookbook: Bannock  Media: Bannock

Bannock is a variety of flat quick bread or any large, round article baked or cooked from grain. When a round bannock is cut into wedges, the wedges are often called scones. However, in Scotland the words bannock and scone are often used interchangeably.[1][2]

Scottish

"Bannock" is a Northern English and Scottish word of Celtic origin. The Oxford English Dictionary states the term stems from panicium, a Latin word for "baked dough", or from panis, meaning bread. Its first cited use was in 1000, and its first cited definition in 1562. Its historic use was primarily in Ireland, Scotland and Northern England.[3] The Scottish poet Robert Burns mentions the bannock in his Epistle to James Tennant of Glenconner, in reference to Alexander Tennant.[4]

Early history

Bannock
A griddle (girdle) from Dalgarven Mill in North Ayrshire, used for baking bannocks and oat cakes

The original bannocks were heavy, flat cakes of unleavened barley or oatmeal dough formed into a round or oval shape, then cooked on a griddle (or girdle in Scots). In Scotland, before the 19th century, bannocks were cooked on a bannock stane (Scots for stone), a large, flat, rounded piece of sandstone, placed directly onto a fire, then used as a cooking surface.[5] Most modern bannocks are made with baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent, giving them a light and airy texture.[1][2][6] There is a suggestion that bannock cakes played a pivotal role in the deciding of a person for human sacrifice during the late Iron Age in the discovery of Lindow Man.[7]

Varieties

Bannock varieties can be named or differentiated according to various characteristics: the flour or meal from which they are made, whether they are leavened or not, whether they have certain special ingredients, how they are baked or cooked, and the names of rituals or festivals in which they are used. Historically, specially made bannocks were used in rituals marking the changing of the Gaelic seasons: St Bride's bannock for spring (February 1), Bealtaine bannock for summer (May 1), Lughnasadh or Lammas bannock for autumn harvests (August 1), and Samhain bannock for winter (end of October). Other special Scottish and Gaelic bannocks include beremeal bannock, bride's bannock, cod liver bannock, cryin' bannock, fallaid bannock, fife bannock, Hogmanay bannock, Marymas bannock, mashlum bannock, Michaelmas Bannock, pease bannock, Pitcaithly bannock, salt bannock, sautie bannock, Silverweed bannock, St Columba's bannock, teethin' bannock, Yetholm bannock, and Yule bannock.[1] In the north of England, bannocks are often made using pastry rather than a bread dough.

Selkirk Bannock

A well-known Scottish bannock is the Selkirk Bannock, named after the town in the Scottish borders where it is traditionally made. It is a spongy, buttery variety, sometimes compared to a fruitcake,[8] made from wheat flour and containing a very large quantity of raisins. The first known maker of this variety was a baker named Robbie Douglas, who opened his shop in Selkirk in 1859. When Queen Victoria visited Sir Walter Scott's granddaughter at Abbotsford she is said to have taken her tea with a slice of Selkirk Bannock—ensuring that its reputation was enshrined forever.[9] Today, Selkirk Bannocks are popular throughout Great Britain, and can be found at most large supermarkets.[2]

Wheaten Bannock

A well-known Irish bannock is the Wheaten Bannock (Also commonly called Wheaten Bread), which is a sweetened wholemeal soda bread.


Indigenous North Americans

Bannock, muqpauraq,[10] skaan (or scone), or Indian bread,[11] is found throughout North American Native cuisine, including that of the Inuit of Canada and Alaska, other Alaska Natives, the First Nations of the rest of Canada, the Native Americans in the United States, and the Métis.[11][12]

Pre-contact bannock

A type of bannock, using available resources, such as flour made from maize, roots, tree sap and leavening agents, may have been produced by indigenous North Americans prior to contact with outsiders, similar to modern cornbread.[12] Some sources indicate that bannock was unknown in North America until the 1860s when it was created by the Navajo who were incarcerated at Fort Sumner,[13] while others indicate that it came from a Scottish source.[11]

Preparation

As made by Indigenous North Americans, bannock is generally prepared with white or whole wheat flour, baking powder, sugar, lard and water or milk,[10] which are combined and kneaded (possibly with spices, dried fruits or other flavouring agents added) then fried in rendered fat, vegetable oil, or shortening, baked in an oven or cooked on a stick.[12]

Tibetan

Main article: Balep korkun

Balep korkun is a Tibetan bannock made from barley flour and cooked on a frying pan.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Bannock". Practically Edible: The Web's Biggest Food Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  2. 1 2 3 Ingram, Christine; Jennie Shapter (2003). BREAD: the breads of the world and how to bake them at home. (Originally published as The World Encyclopedia of Bread and Bread Making.) London: Hermes House. p. 54. ISBN 0-681-87922-X.
  3. ↑ Simpson, John; Weiner, Edward, eds. (1989). Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition. Clarendon Press.
  4. ↑ Burns, Robert. "Epistle To James Tennant Of Glenconner". The Complete Works of Robert Burns. Robert Burns Country. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  5. ↑ Feilden, Rosemary (1999). "Bannock Stane at Aberdeen University's Virtual Museum". Aberdeen University. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  6. ↑ Clayton, Bernard Jr. (2003). Bernard Clayton's New Complete Book of Breads. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 555. ISBN 0-7432-3472-3.
  7. ↑ Ross and Robins (1989). The Life and Death of a Druid Prince.
  8. ↑ Nibble on a Selkirk Bannock
  9. ↑ "Selkirk Bannock". Practically Edible: The Web's Biggest Food Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  10. 1 2 "IRC Foods". Irc.inuvialuit.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
  11. 1 2 3 Oswalt, Wendell H. (2001). This Land Was Theirs: A Study of Native Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-19-517514-1. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  12. 1 2 3 Michael D. Blackstock. "Bannock Awareness". Government of British Columbia. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  13. ↑ Berzok, Linda Murray (2005). American Indian Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32989-0. Retrieved 2008-10-18.

External links

Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Bannock.
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