Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

CFTR
Available structures PDB Human UniProt search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1XMI, 1XMJ, 2BBO, 2BBS, 2BBT, 2LOB, 2PZE, 2PZF, 2PZG, 3GD7, 3ISW, 4WZ6, 5D2D, 5D3E, 5D3F
Identifiers
Aliases	CFTR, ABC35, ABCC7, CF, CFTR/MRP, MRP7, TNR-dJ760C5.1, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
External IDs	OMIM: 602421 HomoloGene: 55468 GeneCards: CFTR
EC number	3.6.3.49
Targeted by Drug
apigenin, capsaicin, felodipine, genistein, ivacaftor, nimodipine, glyburide[1]
Gene ontology Molecular function • nucleotide binding • ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances • PDZ domain binding • chloride transmembrane transporter activity • ATP-binding and phosphorylation-dependent chloride channel activity • bicarbonate transmembrane transporter activity • ATPase activity • protein binding • chloride channel inhibitor activity • enzyme binding • channel-conductance-controlling ATPase activity • hydrolase activity • ATP binding • chloride channel activity • ATPase-coupled anion transmembrane transporter activity • chloride channel regulator activity Cellular component • cytoplasm • integral component of membrane • recycling endosome • cytosol • endosome • early endosome membrane • membrane • plasma membrane • chloride channel complex • protein complex • cell surface • lysosomal membrane • basolateral plasma membrane • early endosome • apical plasma membrane • Golgi-associated vesicle membrane • endoplasmic reticulum Sec complex • extracellular exosome Biological process • positive regulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity • intracellular pH elevation • membrane hyperpolarization • positive regulation of voltage-gated chloride channel activity • cholesterol transport • chloride transmembrane transport • ion transport • respiratory gaseous exchange • vesicle docking involved in exocytosis • bicarbonate transport • transmembrane transport • transport • sperm capacitation • positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus • cholesterol biosynthetic process • positive regulation of exocytosis • chloride transport • cellular response to cAMP Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	1080	n/a
Ensembl	ENSG00000001626	n/a
UniProt	P13569	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000492	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000483.3	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	[2]	n/a
Wikidata

View/Edit Human

View/Edit Mouse

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a membrane protein and chloride channel in vertebrates that is encoded by the CFTR gene.^[3][4]

The CFTR gene codes for an ABC transporter-class ion channel protein that conducts chloride^[5] and thiocyanate^[6] ions across epithelial cell membranes. Mutations of the CFTR gene affecting chloride ion channel function lead to dysregulation of epithelial fluid transport in the lung, pancreas and other organs, resulting in cystic fibrosis. Complications include thickened mucus in the lungs with frequent respiratory infections, and pancreatic insufficiency giving rise to malnutrition and diabetes. These conditions lead to chronic disability and reduced life expectancy. In male patients, the progressive obstruction and destruction of the developing vas deferens (spermatic cord) and epididymis appear to result from abnormal intraluminal secretions,^[7] causing congenital absence of the vas deferens and male infertility.

Gene

The location of the CFTR gene on chromosome 7

The gene that encodes the human CFTR protein is found on chromosome 7, on the long arm at position q31.2.^[4] from base pair 116,907,253 to base pair 117,095,955. CFTR orthologs ^[8] occur in the jawed vertebrates.^[9]

The CFTR gene has been used in animals as a nuclear DNA phylogenetic marker.^[8] Large genomic sequences of this gene have been used to explore the phylogeny of the major groups of mammals,^[10] and confirmed the grouping of placental orders into four major clades: Xenarthra, Afrotheria, Laurasiatheria, and Euarchonta plus Glires.

Mutations

Nearly two thousand cystic fibrosis-causing mutations have been described.^[11] The most common mutation, ΔF508 results from a deletion (Δ) of three nucleotides which results in a loss of the amino acid phenylalanine (F) at the 508th position on the protein. As a result, the protein does not fold normally and is more quickly degraded. The vast majority of mutations are infrequent. The distribution and frequency of mutations varies among different populations which has implications for genetic screening and counseling.

Mutations consist of replacements, duplications, deletions or shortenings in the CFTR gene. This may result in proteins that may not function, work less effectively, are more quickly degraded, or are present in inadequate numbers.^[12]

It has been hypothesized that mutations in the CFTR gene may confer a selective advantage to heterozygous individuals. Cells expressing a mutant form of the CFTR protein are resistant to invasion by the Salmonella typhi bacterium, the agent of typhoid fever, and mice carrying a single copy of mutant CFTR are resistant to diarrhea caused by cholera toxin.^[13]

List of common mutations

The most common mutations among caucasians are:^[14]

• ΔF508
• G542X
• G551D
• N1303K
• W1282X

Structure

The CFTR gene is approximately 189 kb in length, with 27 exons and 26 introns.^[15] CFTR is a glycoprotein with 1480 amino acids. The protein consists of five domains. There are two transmembrane domains, each with six spans of alpha helices. These are each connected to a nucleotide binding domain (NBD) in the cytoplasm. The first NBD is connected to the second transmembrane domain by a regulatory "R" domain that is a unique feature of CFTR, not present in other ABC transporters. The ion channel only opens when its R-domain has been phosphorylated by PKA and ATP is bound at the NBDs.^[16] The carboxyl terminal of the protein is anchored to the cytoskeleton by a PDZ-interacting domain.^[17]

Location and function

The CFTR protein is a channel protein that controls the flow of H₂O and Cl⁻ ions in and out of cells inside the lungs. When the CFTR protein is working correctly, as shown in Panel 1, ions freely flow in and out of the cells. However, when the CFTR protein is malfunctioning as in Panel 2, these ions cannot flow out of the cell due to blocked CFTR channels. This occurs in cystic fibrosis, characterized by the buildup of thick mucus in the lungs.

CFTR functions as an ATP-gated anion channel, increasing the conductance for certain anions (e.g. Cl⁻) to flow down their electrochemical gradient. ATP-driven conformational changes in CFTR open and close a gate to allow transmembrane flow of anions down their electrochemical gradient.^[3] This in contrast to other ABC proteins, in which ATP-driven conformational changes fuel uphill substrate transport across cellular membranes. Essentially, CFTR is an ion channel that evolved as a 'broken' ABC transporter that leaks when in open conformation.

The CFTR is found in the epithelial cells of many organs including the lung, liver, pancreas, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and skin. Normally, the protein moves chloride and thiocyanate^[18] ions (with a negative charge) out of an epithelial cell to the covering mucus. Positively charged sodium ions follow passively, increasing the total electrolyte concentration in the mucus, resulting in the movement of water out of the cell via osmosis.

In epithelial cells with motile cilia lining the bronchus and the oviduct, CFTR is located on the cell membrane but not on cilia. In contrast, ENaC (Epithelial sodium channel) is located along the entire length of the cilia.^[19]

In sweat glands, defective CFTR results in reduced transport of sodium chloride and sodium thiocyanate^[20] in the reabsorptive duct and therefore saltier sweat. This was the basis of a clinically important sweat test for cystic fibrosis before genetic screening was available.^[21]

Interactions

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator has been shown to interact with:

• DNAJC5,^[22]
• GOPC,^[23][24][24]
• PDZK1,^[24][25]
• PRKCE,^[26]
• SLC4A8,^[27]
• SNAP23,^[28]
• SLC9A3R1,^{[17][27][29][30][31][32]}
• SLC9A3R2,^[33] and
• STX1A,^[28][34]

It is inhibited by the anti-diarrhoea drug crofelemer.

Related conditions

• Congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens: Males with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens most often have a mild mutation (a change that allows partial function of the gene) in one copy of the CFTR gene and a cystic fibrosis-causing mutation in the other copy of CFTR.
• Cystic fibrosis: More than 1,800 mutations in the CFTR gene have been found^[35] but the majority of these have not been associated with cystic fibrosis. Most of these mutations either substitute one amino acid (a building block of proteins) for another amino acid in the CFTR protein or delete a small amount of DNA in the CFTR gene. The most common mutation, called ΔF508, is a deletion (Δ) of one amino acid (phenylalanine) at position 508 in the CFTR protein. This altered protein never reaches the cell membrane because it is degraded shortly after it is made. All disease-causing mutations in the CFTR gene prevent the channel from functioning properly, leading to a blockage of the movement of salt and water into and out of cells. As a result of this blockage, cells that line the passageways of the lungs, pancreas, and other organs produce abnormally thick, sticky mucus. This mucus obstructs the airways and glands, causing the characteristic signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis. In addition, only thin mucus can be removed by cilia; thick mucus cannot, so it traps bacteria that give rise to chronic infections.
• Cholera: ADP-ribosylation caused by cholera toxin results in increased production of cyclic AMP which in turn opens the CFTR channel which leads to oversecretion of Cl⁻. Na⁺ and H₂O follow Cl⁻ into the small intestine, resulting in dehydration and loss of electrolytes.^[36]

Drug target

CFTR has been a drug target in efforts to find treatments for related conditions. Ivacaftor (trade name Kalydeco, developed as VX-770) is a drug approved by the FDA in 2012 for people with cystic fibrosis who have specific CFTR mutations^[37][38] Ivacaftor was developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals in conjunction with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and is the first drug that treats the underlying cause rather than the symptoms of the disease.^[39] Called "the most important new drug of 2012",^[40] and "a wonder drug"^[41] it is one of the most expensive drugs, costing over US$300,000 per year, which has led to criticism of Vertex for the high cost.

References

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Further reading

• Kulczycki LL, Kostuch M, Bellanti JA (2003). "A clinical perspective of cystic fibrosis and new genetic findings: relationship of CFTR mutations to genotype-phenotype manifestations". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 116A (3): 262–7. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.10886. PMID 12503104.
• Vankeerberghen A, Cuppens H, Cassiman JJ (2002). "The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator: an intriguing protein with pleiotropic functions". J. Cyst. Fibros. 1 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1016/S1569-1993(01)00003-0. PMID 15463806.
• Tsui LC (1992). "Mutations and sequence variations detected in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene: a report from the Cystic Fibrosis Genetic Analysis Consortium". Hum. Mutat. 1 (3): 197–203. doi:10.1002/humu.1380010304. PMID 1284534.
• McIntosh I, Cutting GR (1992). "Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and the etiology and pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis". FASEB J. 6 (10): 2775–82. PMID 1378801.
• Drumm ML, Collins FS (1993). "Molecular biology of cystic fibrosis". Mol. Genet. Med. 3: 33–68. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-462003-2.50006-7. PMID 7693108.
• Kerem B, Kerem E (1996). "The molecular basis for disease variability in cystic fibrosis". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 4 (2): 65–73. PMID 8744024.
• Devidas S, Guggino WB (1997). "CFTR: domains, structure, and function". J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 29 (5): 443–51. doi:10.1023/A:1022430906284. PMID 9511929.
• Nagel G (1999). "Differential function of the two nucleotide binding domains on cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1461 (2): 263–74. doi:10.1016/S0005-2736(99)00162-5. PMID 10581360.
• Boyle MP (2000). "Unique presentations and chronic complications in adult cystic fibrosis: do they teach us anything about CFTR?". Respir. Res. 1 (3): 133–5. doi:10.1186/rr23. PMC 59552. PMID 11667976.
• Greger R, Schreiber R, Mall M, Wissner A, Hopf A, Briel M, Bleich M, Warth R, Kunzelmann K (2001). "Cystic fibrosis and CFTR". Pflugers Arch. 443 Suppl 1: S3–7. doi:10.1007/s004240100635. PMID 11845294.
• Bradbury NA (2001). "cAMP signaling cascades and CFTR: is there more to learn?". Pflugers Arch. 443 Suppl 1: S85–91. doi:10.1007/s004240100651. PMID 11845310.
• Dahan D, Evagelidis A, Hanrahan JW, Hinkson DA, Jia Y, Luo J, Zhu T (2001). "Regulation of the CFTR channel by phosphorylation". Pflugers Arch. 443 Suppl 1: S92–6. doi:10.1007/s004240100652. PMID 11845311.
• Cohn JA, Noone PG, Jowell PS (2002). "Idiopathic pancreatitis related to CFTR: complex inheritance and identification of a modifier gene". J. Investig. Med. 50 (5): 247S–255S. PMID 12227654.
• Schwartz M (2003). "[Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene: mutations and clinical phenotypes]". Ugeskrift for Læger. 165 (9): 912–6. PMID 12661515.
• Wong LJ, Alper OM, Wang BT, Lee MH, Lo SY (2003). "Two novel null mutations in a Taiwanese cystic fibrosis patient and a survey of East Asian CFTR mutations". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 120A (2): 296–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20039. PMID 12833420.
• Cuppens H, Cassiman JJ (2004). "CFTR mutations and polymorphisms in male infertility". Int. J. Androl. 27 (5): 251–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2004.00485.x. PMID 15379964.
• Cohn JA, Mitchell RM, Jowell PS (2005). "The impact of cystic fibrosis and PSTI/SPINK1 gene mutations on susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis". Clin. Lab. Med. 25 (1): 79–100. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2004.12.007. PMID 15749233.
• Southern KW, Peckham D (2004). "Establishing a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis". Chron Respir Dis. 1 (4): 205–10. doi:10.1191/1479972304cd044rs. PMID 16281647.
• Kandula L, Whitcomb DC, Lowe ME (2006). "Genetic issues in pediatric pancreatitis". Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 8 (3): 248–53. doi:10.1007/s11894-006-0083-8. PMID 16764792.
• Marcet B, Boeynaems JM (2006). "Relationships between cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, extracellular nucleotides and cystic fibrosis". Pharmacol. Ther. 112 (3): 719–32. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.05.010. PMID 16828872.
• Wilschanski M, Durie PR (2007). "Patterns of GI disease in adulthood associated with mutations in the CFTR gene". Gut. 56 (8): 1153–63. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.062786. PMC 1955522. PMID 17446304.

External links

• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on CFTR-Related Disorders - Cystic Fibrosis (CF, Mucoviscidosis) and Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens (CAVD)
• The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein
• The Human Gene Mutation Database - CFTR Records
• Cystic Fibrosis Mutation Database
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory CFTR Information
• CFTR at OMIM (National Center for Biotechnology Information)