Foreign relations of Serbia

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Serbia

Foreign relations of Serbia are accomplished by efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia has inherited the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, along with all of its holdings, after the dissolution of the previous state union with Montenegro. Serbian foreign ministries continue to serve citizens of Montenegro in countries that do not have Montenegrin diplomatic presence. The governments of Serbia and Montenegro expressed an interest in pursuing a common foreign policy. Former President of Serbia Boris Tadić referred to relations with the European Union (EU), Russia, United States and China as the four pillars of foreign policy.[1] Serbia joined the United Nations on 1 November 2000.

Europe

Contingent from the Serbian Armed Forces during the Moscow Victory Day Parade, 9 May 2015

Former Yugoslav republics and provinces

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations

Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Sarajevo and a consulate-general in Banja Luka. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Serbia is an official candidate and Bosnia is recognized as potential candidate country by the European Union.

 Croatia

See Croatia–Serbia relations

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996. Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica. Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and two general consulates (in Rijeka and Vukovar). There are around 200,000 people of Serbian descent living in Croatia and around 70,000 Croats living in Serbia.

 Kosovo

On 17 February 2008, the former province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia, forming the Republic of Kosovo in the process. Serbia, Russia, China, Algeria, Morocco, Greece, Mexico, Pakistan, Romania, Ukraine, Spain, India, Brazil, Nigeria, South Africa, Argentina, Belarus, Palestine, Bolivia, and many others do not recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Serbia has vowed to fight Kosovo's admission to international organizations. The Republic of Kosovo does not have and has not yet applied for United Nations membership. As of 1 December 2016, 110 United Nations member states and Taiwan recognize Kosovo as an independent state. But still, with the strong and firm opposition of both Russia and China and their allies, Kosovo has no current prospects of becoming a member of the United Nations.[2]

Serbia, in response to nations which have recognized Kosovo as an independent nation, has consistently recalled its ambassadors to these nations in an act of protest.[3] These countries include the United States, Albania, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, Colombia, Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Turkey, Slovenia and the United Kingdom.

States which recognize the Province of Kosovo-Metohija as an integral part of the Republic of Serbia and states which recognize Kosovo as an independent nation
  Serbia
  States which recognize the Province of Kosovo as an integral part of Serbia
  States which recognize Kosovo as an independent country

 Montenegro

See Montenegro–Serbia relations

Montenegro has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Podgorica and a Consulate-General in Herceg Novi.

 Macedonia

See Macedonia–Serbia relations

The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that was formed in 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics Montenegro and Serbia established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Macedonia on 8 April 1996.[4] The establishment of bilateral relations has been done under Macedonia's constitutional name - Republic of Macedonia.[5] Serbia therefore is one of 125 countries in the world recognizing Macedonia under the constitutional name.[6] Macedonia has an embassy in Belgrade, while Serbia's embassy is located in Skopje.

 Slovenia

See Serbia–Slovenia relations

Other neighbouring countries

Multilateral regional co-operation falls within the priorities of foreign policy and international relations of Serbia as an instrument and substance of its co-operation with neighbours in the region and within the context of the Serbia inclusion in European integrations, Euro-Atlantic structures and EU.

In the context of Serbia inclusion in multilateral economic and political relations and integrations as well as in the context of globalization, the relations and co-operation of regional character are of importance in the field of liberalization of trade and further affirmation of market economy and free trade. In that respect, the efforts to turn the region of South Eastern Europe into a free trade zone in which Serbia is actively participating through bilateral negotiations with neighbours and in the region (free trade agreements with Macedonia, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as negotiations with Croatia, Bulgaria, Slovenia and Albania), are of particular importance. Serbia enjoys relatively good relations with its neighbouring countries. The border with Bosnia and Herzegovina along the Drina River continues to be an issue, whilst the issue of independence for Kosovo is of particular concern to Serbia.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Albania See Albania–Serbia relations
 BulgariaSee Bulgaria–Serbia relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Sofia.
 GreeceSee Greece–Serbia relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Athens.

Friendly relations have played an important role in bilateral relations between the two nations, especially during the wars of the 1990s and the Balkans Campaign[11] in World War I. Due to the strong historical friendship and the deep cultural and religious ties between the two nations, Greece and Serbia enjoy historically, religiously and culturally close ties which are confirmed by a regular political dialogue. Greece is the top investor in Serbian economy[12] and during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Greece openly expressed its disapproval and polls revealed that 94% of the Greek population were completely opposed to the bombing.[13] The more dramatic event was a People's Tribunal of over a 10.000 people in Athens, Greece, where the Greek Supreme Court declared president Clinton and NATO leaders guilty of war crimes.[14]

 HungarySee Hungary–Serbia relations
 RomaniaSee Romania–Serbia relations
  • Romania has an embassy in Belgrade, a general consulate in Vršac.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Bucharest, a general consulate in Timişoara.

Rest of Europe

For more details on this topic, see Accession of Serbia to the European Union.

Serbia has signed the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the European Union on 29 April 2008 and is in the process of the Republic of Serbia being admitted into the framework of the European Union as a full-fledged member state. Serbia officially applied for European Union membership on 22 December 2009,[18] and the European Commission recommended making it an official candidate on 12 October 2011. After the vote of the 27 EU foreign ministers on 28 February 2012, where with 26 votes for and 1 vote against, a candidate status recommendation was issued, and Serbia received full candidate status on 1 March. On June 28, 2013 the European Council endorsed the Council of Ministers conclusions and recommendations to open accession negotiations with Serbia.[19][20] In December 2013 the Council of the European Union approved opening negotiations on Serbia's accession in January 2014,[21] and the first Intergovernmental Conference was held on 21 January at the European Council in Brussels.[22]

Country Formal relations began Notes
 AustriaSee Austria–Serbia relations
 Belarus1994-11-15See Belarus–Serbia relations
  • Serbia recognised Belarus in December 1991 and both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1994 and at the ambassadorial level in 1996.
  • Belarus has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Minsk.
 Belgium
 CyprusSee Cyprus–Serbia relations
 Czech Republic1918See Czech Republic–Serbia relations
 DenmarkSee Denmark–Serbia relations
 Estonia9 February 2001
 Finland1929
 France18 January 1879See France–Serbia relations
 Germany1951See Germany–Serbia relations
 Holy SeeSee Holy See–Serbia relations
 Italy1879 See Italy–Serbia relations and Italy-Yugoslavia relations
 Lithuania14 December 2000
 MaltaSee Malta–Serbia relations
 Moldova1995See Moldova–Serbia relations
 Netherlands
 NorwaySee Norway–Serbia relations
 PolandSee Poland–Serbia relations
 PortugalSee Portugal–Serbia relations
 Russia1940See Russia–Serbia relations

Diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union were established on June 24, 1940, and Serbia and the Russian Federation recognize the continuity of all inter-State documents signed between the two countries. There are about 70 bilateral treaties, agreements and protocols signed in the past. Serbia and the Russian Federation have signed and ratified 43 bilateral agreements and treaties in diverse areas of mutual cooperation so far.[44]

 San Marino 14 February 2002 See San Marino–Serbia relations
 Slovakia1993See Serbia–Slovakia relations
 SpainSee Serbia–Spain relations
 SwedenSee Serbia–Sweden relations
  SwitzerlandSee Serbia–Switzerland relations
 Ukraine15 April 1994See Serbia–Ukraine relations
  • Serbia recognized Ukraine in December 1991 by the decision on the recognition of the former republics of the Soviet Union.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kiev.
 United KingdomSee Serbia–United Kingdom relations

Middle East and North Africa

Serbia enjoys good relations with the Middle East, these are inherited by the independent Serbia from its time as the hub of a federation (i.e., Yugoslavia) which was very active in the Non-Aligned Movement during the 1960s. Serbia's closest partner in the region is the United Arab Emirates. Israel, Syria, Iraq and Egypt are important economic partners of Serbia, as Israel invests in the Serbian construction industry and Egypt is a large market for Zastava automobiles. Serbia also has an important security agreement with Iran,[56] another important economic and political partner of Serbia. Serbia also maintains diplomatic relations with the Palestinian National Authority. Serbia wishes to intensify relations with the CCASG countries, namely Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait. Also many of the North African countries (Algeria, Libya, Tunisia and Morocco) enjoy good relations with Serbia and are important trading partners. Tunisia is a hugely popular tourist destination for Serbs as there is no visa required for Serb nationals entering the country.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Algeria1962 See Algeria-Serbia relations
  • Formal relations started on 1962
  • Algeria has an embassy in Belgrade.[57]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Algiers since 1962.[58]
 Bahrain1989

See Bahrain–Serbia relations

 Egypt See Egypt-Serbia relations
 Iran1945

See Iran–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Tehran and Iran has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has good relations with Iran.
 Iraq1958

See Iraq–Serbia relations

  • Iraq has an embassy in Belgrade.[60]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Baghdad.[61]
 Israel 1992[62]

See Israel–Serbia relations

 Kuwait 1963

See Kuwait–Serbia relations

  • Kuwait has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Serbian companies have long had a presence in Kuwait. The iconic Kuwait Towers were commissioned by Energoprojekt, based in Belgrade.
  • Kuwait recently approved a 25 million Euro loan to Serbia to fund the construction of the Prokop railway station.[65]
  • Kuwait also received support from Serbia, under the former Yugoslavia, during the Iraqi invasion in 1990.
 LibyaSee Libya–Serbia relations
 Oman 1974

See Oman–Serbia relations

  • Serbian foreign minister Vuk Jeremic paid a visit to Muscat in 2010.
 Palestine 1988See Palestine–Serbia relations

Relations between Serbia and the Palestinian Authority have been very close and friendly. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was one of the first countries to recognize Palestinian Authority in November 1988 and its successor Serbia maintained close relations, favoring a Two-State solution. The Palestinian Authority for its part, has refused to recognize the independence of Kosovo.[68][69]

 Qatar 1989

See Qatar–Serbia relations

  • Qatar has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Doha.
 Saudi Arabia 17 April 2013[70]

See Saudi Arabia-Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Riyadh.
 Syria 1946

See Serbia–Syria relations

 Tunisia
  • Serbia has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Belgrade.
 TurkeySee Serbia–Turkey relations
 United Arab Emirates 21 March 2007

See Serbia–United Arab Emirates relations

Asia

Serbia has excellent relations with countries such as China, Japan, Indonesia, India, Kazakhstan and South Korea. These countries are important economic partners for Serbia in Asia.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Afghanistan1954See Afghanistan-Serbia relations
  • Afghani foreign minister Zalmai Rassoul visited Belgrade in September 2011.
  • Bilateral trade between Serbia and Afghanistan reached 7.3 million euros during 2011.
 Bhutan 9 December 2011

See Bhutan–Serbia relations

 Brunei 5 December 2011

See Brunei–Serbia relations

  • Pengiran Muda Mohamed Bolkiah paid a visit to Belgrade in September 2011.
 Cambodia 1956

See Cambodia–Serbia relations

 China1955See China–Serbia relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Beijing and a general consulate in Shanghai.
  • China has an embassy in Belgrade and also maintains an office in Priština based on consent of the Government of Serbia from November 2006.

China has always traditionally had very warm and close relations with Belgrade since the establishing of diplomatic relations in 1955.[73]

 IndiaSee India–Serbia relations
 IndonesiaSee Indonesia–Serbia relations

Indonesia has very close relations with Serbia, especially within the fields of trade, culture and tourism. Indonesia has also voiced support for Serbia's territorial integrity over the Kosovo issue.[76]

 Japan20 May 1997See Japan–Serbia relations
 Kazakhstan 1996

See Kazakhstan–Serbia relations

 Malaysia 2003
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia is represented in Malaysia by the embassy in Jakarta.
  • During the period January 2012 - September 2012, bilateral trade reached 27.5 million euros.
  • Dato' Sri Anifah Hj. Aman paid a visit to Belgrade in September 2011
  • According to the Embassy of Malaysia in Belgrade, there are 25 Malaysians living in Serbia.[82]
 Maldives 1974

See Maldives–Serbia relations

 Mongolia 20 November 1956 [83][84]

See Mongolia–Serbia relations

 North Korea1948See North Korea–Serbia relations

Serbia maintains friendly relations with North Korea. Relations between the two countries started in 1948 under the Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito. Relations between the two countries are still strong in both political and military terms. The North Korean embassy to Serbia is accredited to Sofia, Bulgaria.

 PakistanSee Pakistan–Serbia relations

Pakistan considers Serbia to be a very important country and that the relations between the two states are warm and friendly.[85]

 South Korea27 December 1989[86]See South Korea–Serbia relations
 Thailand
 Turkmenistan 1996

See Turkmenistan–Serbia relations

 Vietnam

Sub-Saharan Africa

Ever since the times of Josip Broz Tito and the Non-Aligned Movement, Serbia has enjoyed excellent relations with African nations. South Africa is Serbia's closest ally in Africa and the two nations have had excellent relations since the signing of diplomatic relations in 1992 following the end of the Apartheid system. South Africa is also home to around 20,000 Serbs, mainly living in the Johannesburg area.[87] South Africa is also voicing support for Serbia over the Kosovo issue.[88] Nelson Mandela was also made an honorary citizen of Belgrade.[89] Serbia is also actively involved in many investments in Angola with whom it has excellent political and economic relations.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Angola 1975

See Angola–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Luanda and Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Botswana 1970

Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Serbia were established in 1970.[90]

 Cape Verde 1976

See Cape Verde–Serbia relations

 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1961

See Democratic Republic of Congo–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Kinshasa and DR Congo has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • The Foreign Ministry of DR Congo visited Belgrade in 2011 and the Foreign Ministry of Serbia visited Kinshasa in 2009.
 Ethiopia See Ethiopia–Serbia relations
 Gabon 1960

See Gabon–Serbia relations

 Ghana 1957

See Ghana–Serbia relations

 Kenya 1963

See Kenya–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Nairobi, Kenya has an honorary consulate in Belgrade.
 Lesotho 1972

See Lesotho–Serbia relations

 Mali 1961

See Mali–Serbia relations

 Namibia 1990 Diplomatic relations between Namibia and Serbia were established in 1990.[91]
 Nigeria 1960

See Nigeria–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Abuja and honorary consulates in Kano and Lagos. Nigeria has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Somalia 1960

See Somalia–Serbia relations

 South Africa 2 April 1992

See South Africa–Serbia relations

 South Sudan 4 January 2012[93] See South Sudan–Serbia relations
 Zambia 1964

See Zambia–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Lusaka
 Zimbabwe 1980

See Zimbabwe–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Harare
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Belgrade
  • Robert Mugabe described Serbia as Zimbabwe's only foreign ally in 2014[94]
  • Bilateral trade between Serbia and Zimbabwe amounted to 1 million euros in 2011, exclusively imports from Zimbabwe.

North America

Serbia has very poor relations with the United States and Canada because of their recognition of Kosovo's independence. On 25 February 2008, Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica demanded that the United States rescind its recognition of Kosovo, warning that "there will be no stability until the fake state" is annulled.[95]

Country Formal relations began Notes
 CanadaSee Canada–Serbia relations
 United StatesSee Serbia–United States relations

Prior to World War I and creation of Yugoslavia, Serbia and the US enjoyed excellent relations. Bilateral relations between Serbia and the United States were established in 1882. At the outset of hostilities between NATO and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999, the United States and Yugoslavia severed diplomatic relations. After the overthrow of the Milosevic government in October 2000, the following month the United States reestablished a diplomatic presence. The U.S. Embassy formally reopened in May 2001. The Serbian Embassy in Washington and the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade have reestablished bilateral relations and provide a full range of consular services. In February 2008 Serbia recalled its ambassador from the United States, following the U.S. recognition of the unilaterally declared independence of Kosovo. The US established full diplomatic relations at Ambassador level with the Republic of Kosovo, which broke away from Serbia in February 2008.[99]

Oceania

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Australia See Australia–Serbia relations
 Fiji 1976

See Fiji–Serbia relations

 New Zealand
  • New Zealand is represented in Serbia through its embassy in The Hague (Netherlands).
  • Serbia is represented in New Zealand through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).
  • New Zealand and Serbia have four bilateral treaties in force including the most favoured nation treaty from 1960. Trade between the two countries was based on a very modest exchange totaling US$2.3 million in 2006 but it rose significantly in 2007 to EUR 805 million.[101]
  • In the 2006 census, over 1,000 New Zealand residents claimed to be of Serbian ethnicity.[102]
 Tonga 1 March 2013

See Tonga–Serbia relations

Latin America

Serbia has very good relations with Latin America, except Colombia and Panama, which did recognize Kosovo's independence. Brazil, the largest country in the region, decided not to recognize Kosovo's independence until an agreement with Serbia is reached.[103]

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina See Argentina–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia and Argentina existed before the Second World War and were restored in 1946.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Buenos Aires
  • Argentina has an embassy in Belgrade.[104]
 Brazil1946See Brazil–Serbia relations
 CubaSee Cuba–Serbia relations

Cuba and Serbia have a long history of diplomatic relations from the period of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia when both countries were members of Non-Aligned Movement. Cuba supports Serbia in its stance towards Kosovo considering Kosovo's independence an illegitimate act and a violation of international law and principles of the United Nations Charter.[105] Serbia supports Cuba at the United Nations in condemning the United States embargo.[106]

 Dominica 2010[107] See Dominica–Serbia relations
 GuyanaNovember 5, 1968
 Mexico 24 May 1946 See Mexico–Serbia relations
 Peru
 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2011[113] See St. Vincent and the Grenadines–Serbia relations
 Venezuela See Serbia-Venezuela relations
  • Serbia is represented in Venezuela through its embassy in Brasília (Brazil).
  • Venezuela is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Belgrade.
  • In 2007, Serbia exported goods worth €33,000 to Venezuela, while Venezuelan exports totaled €158,000.
  • After the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela does not recognise Kosovo's independence on the grounds that it has been achieved through U.S. pressure and criticised a recent political movement calling out for a more autonomous Zulia state. He said "This cannot be accepted. It's a very dangerous precedent for the entire world.".[114] On 24 March 2008, Chavez accused Washington of trying to "weaken Russia" by supporting independence for Kosovo. He called Kosovo's new leader, Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi, a "terrorist" put in power by the U.S. and noted that the former rebel leader's nom de guerre was "The Snake".[115] Chavez had strongly opposed the NATO intervention in Kosovo in 1999 when he first became president.
  • Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Venezuela

Overview

Foreign relations of Serbia

Serbia has established diplomatic relations with 188 UN member states,[116] the Holy See,[116] the Sovereign Military Order of Malta,[116] and the European Union.[116]

Serbia has not established diplomatic relations with:[117]

See also

References

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