Évreux

Évreux

River Iton

Coat of arms
Évreux

Coordinates: 49°01′N 1°09′E / 49.02°N 1.15°E / 49.02; 1.15Coordinates: 49°01′N 1°09′E / 49.02°N 1.15°E / 49.02; 1.15
Country France
Region Normandy
Department Eure
Arrondissement Évreux
Intercommunality Évreux
Government
 • Mayor (2014–2020) Guy Lefrand
Area1 26.45 km2 (10.21 sq mi)
Population (2008)2 50,777
 • Density 1,900/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
INSEE/Postal code 27229 / 27000
Elevation 58–146 m (190–479 ft)
(avg. 92 m or 302 ft)

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Évreux (French pronunciation: ​[e.vʁø]) is a commune in the Eure department, of which it is the capital, in Haute Normandie in northern France.

Geography

The city is on the Iton river.

Climate

Climate data for Évreux (1981–2010 averages)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2)		 19.2
(66.6)		 22.3
(72.1)		 26.1
(79)		 30.0
(86)		 35.7
(96.3)		 38.0
(100.4)		 38.4
(101.1)		 32.4
(90.3)		 28.3
(82.9)		 20.0
(68)		 16.0
(60.8)		 38.4
(101.1)
Average high °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9)		 7.6
(45.7)		 11.2
(52.2)		 14.2
(57.6)		 17.8
(64)		 21.1
(70)		 23.8
(74.8)		 23.8
(74.8)		 20.3
(68.5)		 15.6
(60.1)		 10.2
(50.4)		 6.9
(44.4)		 15.0
(59)
Average low °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2)		 1.1
(34)		 3.1
(37.6)		 4.7
(40.5)		 8.2
(46.8)		 11.0
(51.8)		 13.0
(55.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 10.4
(50.7)		 7.8
(46)		 4.0
(39.2)		 1.6
(34.9)		 6.6
(43.9)
Record low °C (°F) −18.6
(−1.5)		 −15.0
(5)		 −10.7
(12.7)		 −4.0
(24.8)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 4.9
(40.8)		 2.7
(36.9)		 0.7
(33.3)		 −4.6
(23.7)		 −7.8
(18)		 −14.0
(6.8)		 −18.6
(−1.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 50.6
(1.992)		 41.2
(1.622)		 47.4
(1.866)		 46.0
(1.811)		 55.7
(2.193)		 51.6
(2.031)		 52.4
(2.063)		 38.2
(1.504)		 50.3
(1.98)		 61.0
(2.402)		 50.5
(1.988)		 59.7
(2.35)		 604.6
(23.803)
Average precipitation days 11.0 9.1 10.4 9.4 10.2 8.0 8.3 7.0 7.8 10.5 11.1 11.8 114.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.6 79.9 122.4 166.6 192.1 212.4 216.3 205.0 169.6 122.1 72.7 59.8 1,684.4
Source: Météo France[1][2]

History

Wall fragment with fresco of a Gallo Roman man, from Évreux, 250-275 AD

In late Antiquity, the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named Mediolanum Aulercorum, "the central town of the Aulerci", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. Julius Caesar wintered eight legions in this area after his third campaigning season in the battle for Gaul (56-55 BC): Legiones VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII and XIV.

The present-day name of Évreux originates from the Gallic tribe of Eburovices, literally Those who overcome by the yew?, from the Gaulish root eburo.

Counts of Évreux

Main article: Count of Évreux

The first known members of the family of the counts of Évreux were descended from an illegitimate son of Richard I, duke of Normandy; these counts became extinct in the male line with the death of Count William in 1118. The county passed in right of Agnes, William's sister, wife of Simon de Montfort-l'Amaury (d. 1087) to the house of the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury VI de Montfort-Évreux ceded the title in 1200 to King Philip Augustus, whose successor Philip the Fair presented it in 1307 to his brother Louis d'Évreux, for whose benefit Philip the Long raised the county of Évreux into a peerage of France in 1317.

Philip d'Évreux, son of Louis, became king of Navarre by his marriage to Joan II of Navarre, daughter of Louis the Headstrong, and their son Charles the Bad and their grandson Charles the Noble were also kings of Navarre. The latter ceded his counties of Évreux, Champagne and Brie to King Charles VI of France in 1404.

In 1427 the county of Évreux was bestowed by King Charles VII on Sir John Stuart of Darnley (c. 1365–1429), the commander of his Scottish bodyguard, who in 1423 had received the seigniory of Aubigny, and in February 1427/8 he was granted the right to quarter the royal arms of France for his victories over the English.

On Stuart's death (before Orléans during an attack on an English convoy) the county reverted to the crown. It was again temporarily alienated (1569–1584) as an appanage for Duke François of Anjou, and in 1651 was finally given to Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon, in exchange for the Principality of Sedan.

The most famous holder of the title is Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, son of Marie Anne Mancini.

Évreux was heavily damaged during the Second World War, and most of its centre was rebuilt. The nearby Évreux-Fauville Air Base was used by the United States Air Force until 1967, and since then by the French Air Force.

12th-century nave of the former abbey church of Saint-Taurin

Ecclesiastical history

Main article: Diocese of Évreux

Évreux Cathedral has been the seat of the bishops of Évreux since its traditional founder, Saint Taurin of Évreux, most probably working between 375 and 425; Bishop Maurusius was present at the Council of Orléans in 511. The earliest parts of the present building, which is mostly Gothic, date from the eleventh century. The west façade and its two towers are mostly from the late Renaissance; the octagonal central tower dates from the late fifteenth century. Of especial note are the Lady chapel and its stained glass, the rose windows in the transepts and the carved wooden screens of the side chapels.

The church of the former abbey of St-Taurin is in part Romanesque. It has a choir of the 14th century and other portions of later date, and contains the thirteenth-century shrine of Saint Taurin.

The episcopal palace, a building of the fifteenth century, adjoins the south side of the cathedral.

The belfry facing the hôtel de ville also dates from the fifteenth century.

Centre of Jewish learning

In the Middle Ages, Évreux was one of the centres of Jewish learning,[3] and its scholars are quoted in the medieval notes to the Talmud called the Tosafot.[4]

The following rabbis are known to have lived at Évreux: Samuel ben Shneor,[5] praised by his student Isaac of Corbeil as the "Prince of Évreux", one of the most celebrated tosafists; Moses of Évreux, brother of Samuel, author of the Tosafot of Évreux; Isaac of Évreux; Judah ben Shneor, or Judah the Elder, author of liturgical poems; Meïr ben Shneor; Samuel ben Judah; Nathan ben Jacob, father of Jacob ben Nathan, who in 1357 copied the five Megillot with the Targum for Moses ben Samuel.[3]

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1793 8,000—    
1800 8,426+5.3%
1806 9,511+12.9%
1821 9,728+2.3%
1831 9,963+2.4%
1836 10,287+3.3%
1841 11,706+13.8%
1846 11,802+0.8%
1851 12,877+9.1%
1856 12,227−5.0%
1861 12,265+0.3%
1866 12,320+0.4%
1872 13,350+8.4%
1876 14,627+9.6%
1881 15,847+8.3%
1886 16,755+5.7%
1891 16,932+1.1%
1896 17,766+4.9%
1901 18,292+3.0%
1906 18,971+3.7%
1911 18,957−0.1%
1921 18,234−3.8%
1926 18,841+3.3%
1931 19,315+2.5%
1936 20,116+4.1%
1946 20,436+1.6%
1954 23,647+15.7%
1962 36,695+55.2%
1968 42,550+16.0%
1975 47,412+11.4%
1982 46,045−2.9%
1990 49,103+6.6%
1999 51,159+4.2%
2008 50,777−0.7%

Its inhabitants are called Ébroïciens.

Sights

Évreux is situated in the pleasant valley of the Iton, arms of which traverse the town; on the south, the ground slopes up toward the public gardens and the railway station. It is the seat of a bishop, and its cathedral is one of the largest and finest in France.

The first cathedral was built in 1076, but destroyed in 1119 when the town was burned at the orders of Henry I of France to put down the Norman insurrection. He rebuilt the cathedral as an act of atonement to the Pope. Between 1194 and 1198, the conflict between Philippe Auguste and Richard the Lion-hearted damaged the new cathedral. The architecture of the present edifice shows this history, with its blend of Romanesque and Gothic styles. As did many towns in the regions of Nord and Normandy, Évreux and its cathedral suffered greatly from Second World War.

At Le Vieil-Évreux (lit. old Évreux), the Roman Gisacum, 3 1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) southeast of the town, the remains of a Roman theatre, a palace, baths and an aqueduct have been discovered, as well as various relics, notably the bronze of Jupiter Stator, which are now deposited in the museum of Évreux.

Administration

The Cantons

Mayors

It can be said that Évreux is strongly oriented on social based politic. In fact, Roland Plaisance of the French Communist Party was the mayor over 20 years (1977–2001). More recently Jean-Louis Debré became mayor (2002–2008) mostly thanks to his friendship with Jacques Chirac. In 2014, former Member of the National Assembly of France, Guy Lefrand (UMP, right), was elected Mayor of Évreux for a six-year mandate.

Transport

The train station Gare d'Évreux-Normandie is on the railway line from Gare Saint-Lazare to Cherbourg, it is served by regular Intercity and regional rail services to both Paris and Basse-Normandie. There used to be two stations in Évreux, only one of which remains open to this day. The second station (Évreux-Nord) served the line from Évreux to Rouen.

Major event

Every year, Évreux hosts a rock music festival Le rock dans tout ses états.

Personalities

International relations

Évreux is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Données climatiques de la station de Évreux" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Climat Haute-Normandie" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Richard Gottheil and S. Kahn (1906), Évreux, Jewish Encyclopedia
  4. ↑ see the tosafot on Bezah 14b, 20b, 24b; on Kiddushin 27b, 39a et passim; on Sotah 22a et passim; and in the Kol Bo, Nos. 24, 114.
  5. ↑ Zunz, Z. G. p. 38, designates him erroneously "Samuel, son of R. Yom-Tov")
  6. ↑ Semaḳ No. 154
  7. ↑ "British towns twinned with French towns [via WaybackMachine.com]". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
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