List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: R
Main article: List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility
R
- Radegund the Saint
- Radoslav the Zlican
- Radu II Chelul the Bald
- Radu II of Wallachia the Poor, the Simple
- Radu cel Frumos the Handsome, the Good
- Radu cel Mare the Great
- Radu Negru the Black
- Ragnald III of the Isle of Man the Usurper [1]
- Ragnar Rykkil, son of Harald I of Norway
- Ragnar Lodbrok (Shaggy or Leather Breeches)
- Ragnhild of Jutland, wife of Harald I of Norway and mother of Eric I of Norway, the Mighty [2]
- Ragnhild of Telge the Saint [3]
- Ragnvald Eysteinsson the Powerful, the Wise
- Ragnvald Knaphövde the Fool
- Ragnvald the Mountain-High the Mountain-High, the Glorious [4]
- Rainald II of Guelders (1295–1343) the Red
- Rainald II, Duke of Guelders 1339–1343 the Black
- Rainald IV of Spoleto Rainald de Duce [5]
- Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (1923–2005) the Boss [6][7] the Builder-Prince [8][9][10]
- Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria (1783–1853), Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia the Elder
- Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria (1827–1913), Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia the Younger
- Rainulf II Count of Aversa (†1048) Drengot
- Rainulf Duke of Apulia (†1139) Drengot
- Rainulf Drengot
- Rainulf Trincanocte Trincanocte [11]
- Ralph the Timid the Staller [12]
- Ramiro I of Aragon the Petty King
- Ramiro II of Aragon the Monk
- Ramiro II of León the Ferocious Warrior
- Ramiro III of León the Child
- Ramon of Navarre the Fratricide, son of García Sánchez III of Navarre
- Ramon Berenguer I Count of Barcelona the Old [13]
- Ramon Berenguer II Count of Barcelona the Towhead, the Burlap-Head, Tête d'Étoupe
- Ramon Berenguer III Count of Barcelona the Great
- Ramon Berenguer IV Count of Barcelona the Saint
- Ramon Folc VI of Cardona the Honorable Connector (Prohom Vinculador) [14]
- Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim Arranach [15]
- Ranuccio Farnese the Elder
- Ranulf (Ralph) Viscount of Bessin (Bayeaux) le Meschin [16]
- Ranulf II (†1031) Viscount of Aubusson Cabridellus
- Ranulf ancestor of the Vesci Barons the Moneyer
- Ranulph le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester Ranulf de Bricasard
- Raoul I of Brienne, Count of Eu
- Raoul I of Vermandois the Brave
- Raoul I, Count of Valois and Vexin Raoul of Cambrai
- Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu
- Raoul III, Count of Soissons the Good [17]
- Raoul III (†1074), Count of Vexin & Valois the Great
- Raoul of Lusignan, Count of Eu Raoul d'Issoudun, Raoul of Issoudun [16]
- Raymond III Pons of Toulouse Pons
- Raymond IV of Toulouse Raymond of Saint-Gilles [18]
- Raymond VI of Toulouse the Old
- Raymond VII of Toulouse Raymondet, the Younger
- Raymond Roger (†1209), Viscount of Béziers Trencavel
- Raymond Trencavel I (†1167), Viscount of Béziers Trencavel
- Raymond Trencavel II (†1206), Viscount of Albi Trencavel
- Raymond FitzGerald the Fat [19]
- Raynald of Châtillon the Wolf
- Red Hugh O'Donnell
- Redmond Burke (†1595) Redmond of the Broom
- Regalianus the Barracks Emperor, the Emperor of the Army
- Reginald III, Duke of Guelders (1295–1343) the Fat, "le Gras"
- Reginald Pole White Rose [20]
- Reginar, Duke of Lorraine (900–911) au Longue Col, au Long Col, Langhals, Long Neck
- Regnier III, Count of Hainaut: Reginar I of Hainaut au Longue Col, au Long Col, Langhals, Long Neck
- Regnier IV of Mons Regnier of Mons
- Renaud II, Count of Bar (1115–1170) the Younger
- Renaud V († after 1185), Viscount of Aubusson "The Leper, "Leprous" [21]
- Renaut I of Bar the Blind, the One-Eyed
- René of Savoy (1488–1525), Admiral of France the Great Bastard of Savoy
- René I of Naples Rhyming Rene, the Good King
- René II, Duke of Lorraine the Victorious
- Renée de Rieux (1541–1582), mistress of Henry III of France [22] la Belle de Châteauneuf
- Rev I of Iberia, King of Georgia (189–216) the Just
- Rhodri Molwynog ap Idwal Rhodri I, the Bald and Gray
- Rhodri the Great the Great
- Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn the Tall
- Rhyddfedd Frych, King of Powis the Freckled
- Rhys ap Gruffydd the Lord Rhys
- Rhys Gryg the Hoarse
- Ricimer the Kingmaker
- Richard I of Capua Quarrel, Drengot
- Richard I of England the Lionheart, the Lion-hearted, Cœur de Lion, Melek-Ric (Arab. = "King Richard") , Yea and Nay (Fr. Oc-e-Non) [23]
- Richard I of Normandy the Leader of the Normans of Rouen, le Veil, the Fearless, the Ferocious Warrior
- Richard I, Viscount of Avranches le Goz [16]
- Richard II of Normandy l'Irascible, the Good
- Richard II of England Richard of Bordeaux, the Coxcomb, the Prince of Coxcombs, le Mignon [24][25][26]
- Richard III of England the Protector, the Hog, Crookback
- Richard, Duke of Burgundy the Justiciar
- Richard, Earl of Cambridge (1376–1415) Richard of Conisburgh
- Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall Richard of Cornwall [27]
- Richard Barry, 7th Earl of Barrymore the Rake of Rakes [28]
- Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick the Good
- Richard de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Clanricarde the Saxon
- Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke Strongbow
- Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford the Surety
- Richard de Montfichet the Surety
- Richard de Percy the Surety
- Richard FitzGerald, 21st Knight of Glin the Duellist [29]
- Richard Fitz Gilbert de Tonbridge, Gilbert de Bienfaite, Richard of Tunbridge
- Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster the Red Earl of Ulster
- Richard Ulick de Burgh, 1st Lord of Clanricarde (d.1423) Richard of the Wine
- Richard Barry, 7th Earl of Barrymore Hellgate Barrymore [28][30]
- Richard Cromwell Queen Dick
- Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe Black Dick [31]
- Richard Martin (Irish politician) Humanity Dick [32]
- Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury Prudence
- Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick the Brave Bear [33][34][35]
- Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel Mad Dick, Lying Dick Talbot [36]
- Richard de Burgh, Lord of Connacht (d.1243), Lord Lieutenant of Ireland the Great
- Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel Copped Hat
- Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York the Lost Prince, the Prince in the Tower
- Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple Tiddy-Doll [36]
- Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick the Kingmaker, Warwick the Kingmaker , the Fat
- Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster the Red
- Richard Fitz Gilbert Richard de Clare
- Richard Cromwell Tumbledown Dick
- Riderch I of Alt Clut the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous
- Riderch Hen, a.k.a. Rhydderch Hael, King of Strathclyde, 580–612 the Old
- Rinaldo Bonacolsi, Lord of Mantua Passerino
- Rivalon, Lord of Vitre the Vicar [37]
- Robert I Brus, Lord of Annandale (1103–1189/91) le Meschin
- Robert I, Count of Flanders the Frisian
- Robert I, Duke of Burgundy the Landless, the Old
- Robert I, Lord of Harcourt the Strong [38][39]
- Robert I of Naples Robert of Anjou, the Good, the Wise, the New Solomon, the Peace-maker of Italy, the Wise King Robert, the Wisest Christian of the Last Five Hundred Years [40][41]
- Robert I of Artois the Good
- Robert I of Scotland le Jovenne
- Robert II of France the Devout, the Pious, the Wise [42][43]
- Robert II of Scotland the Steward
- Robert II, Count of Dreux and Braine (1154–1218) the Younger
- Robert II, Count of Flanders the Crusader, the Lance and Sword of Christendom, the Sword and Lance of the Christians, the Jerusalem-Farer [44][45][46]
- Robert II, Lord of Estouteville the Younger, Robert Grandbois [47]
- Robert II, Lord of Harcourt the Valiant, the Strong [48]
- Robert III, Count of Dreux (1185–1234) Gateble, Gasteblé
- Robert III of Flanders Robert of Bethune
- Robert III de La Marck-Sedan Lord of Floranges [49]
- Robert III of Scotland John of Atholl and Carrick
- Robert IV, Lord of Annandale (11290–1245) the Noble
- Robert V, Lord of Bethune the Red [50]
- Robert VI le Bruce, Earl of Carrick (1243–1304) le Veil
- Robert VII, Count of Auvergne (d.1325) the Great
- Robert, Count of Roucy, 1160–1180 the Cunning
- Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester the King's Son, Robert of Caen, the Consul [12]
- Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester le Prud'homme
- Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester the Hunchback [51][52]
- Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester the Whitehanded
- Robert de Berkeley (1165–1220) the Rebellious
- Robert de Neville the Peacock of the North [53]
- Robert de Ros the Surety
- Robert de Vere the Surety
- Robert le Blount the Admiral [54]
- Robert le Bruce, 2nd Lord of Annandale (1124–1196) Meschin
- Robert of Château-du-Loir Brochard [55]
- Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury Robert of Montgomery, the Devil [56]
- Robert of France, Duke of Chartres (1840–1910) the Strong
- Robert of Harcourt, Lord of Harcourt the Brave
- Robert I of Scotland the Bruce, the Liberator of Scotland [41]
- Robert the Magnificent the Devil, the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous, the Magnificent
- Robert the Strong
- Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury the Little Elf, the Little Beagle [57]
- Robert Curthose Curthose (Fr. Courte-heuse) on account of his short legs [58]
- Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex the Great Cuckold
- Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester the Gypsy, Two Eyes [59]
- Robert Fitzwalter the Surety, the Marshal of the Army of God, and of Holy Church [60]
- Robert Guiscard the Cunning, the Baron Thief [61][62]
- Robert Keith the Ambassador Ambassador Keith, the Ambassador [63]
- Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany the Regent
- Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh the Wether of Politics [36]
- Robert Umfravill, Lord of Ridlesdale, 1076 Robert with the Beard
- Robert Walpole Robin Bluestring, the Father of Corruption, Screen-Master General, Sir Blustering [64][65][66][67]
- Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd the Great Lord Kilmarnock [68]
- Robert Guiscard the Resourceful [69][70]
- Roberto Malatesta (d.1482) the Magnificent [71]
- Roderic Father Maccabee, the Last of the Goths [72]
- Roderick MacKenzie, Lord of Coigach the Tutor of Kintail [73]
- Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar el Cid Campeador' [74]
- Rodrigo Diaz of Castile (d. after 930) el Abolmondar [75]
- Rodrigo González de Lara the French [76]
- Rodrigo Fernandez de Castro the Bald [77][78]
- Rodrigo Íñiguez de Biedma, Lord of Ortalanca the Younger, the Young Lad [79]
- Roger I of Sicily the Great Count [80][81]
- Roger I, Count of Comminges (945–1011) the Old
- Roger II of Sicily the Great
- Roger de Beaumont the Bearded
- Roger de Toesny the Spaniard [82]
- Roger of Ivry (d. after 1153) Balbosus [16]
- Roger de Montbegon the Surety
- Roger of Lauria the Great Captain [83]
- Roger the Poitevin
- Roger Bernard, Count of Foix, 1143–1188 the Fat
- Roger Bernard II of Foix the Great
- Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk the Surety
- Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery the Wise [84]
- Roger Borsa the Purse
- Rognvald, King of Hadaland Rettilbeinn
- Rognvald Kali Kolsson the Saint
- Rollo de Bec the Marshal
- Rollo of Normandy the Viking, Wend-a-Foot, the Ganger, the Walker, the Rich [85][86]
- Roman, Prince of Tmuturakan, 1069–1079 the Red
- Roman IV, Prince of Riazan, 1258–1270 the Saint
- Roman the Great the Autocrat of All the Russias, the Great [87]
- Romanus II, Byzanrine Emperor the Purple-Born, the Younger
- Romanus III, Byzantine Emperor Argyropoulos, Argyrus
- Romanus IV, Byzantine Emperor Diogenes
- Romulus Augustus the Tiny Augustus, Augustulus [88]
- Rosamund Clifford the Rose of the World, the Fair Rosamund' [33]
- Rosa Vercellana 'la Bela Rosin, Bella Rosina, mistress of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
- Rostislav I of Rostov (d.1067) the Brave
- Roupen I, Lord of Taurus, 1080–1095 the Great
- Roupen II, Prince of Little Armenia, 1169–1170 the Child
- Roxelana the Cheerful One, the Joyous One, the Laughing One [89][90]
- Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria the Stammerer
- Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria the Blind
- Rudolf II, Count of Tübingen in Herrenberg (d.1277) der Scheerer
- Rudolf III, Count of Habsburg-Laufenburg (d.1249) Schweigsame
- Rudolf VI of Baden-Pforzheim (d.1372) the Tall
- Rudolf of Rheinfeld Rudolf of Swabia
- Rudolf Maccabeus
- Rudolph I of Bohemia the Good, the Debonair
- Rudolph I of Germany King the Gruel
- Rudolph II of Austria the Debonair
- Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor the Prince of Alchemy, the German Hermes Trismegistus
- Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg (d.1232) le Paisable, the Old
- Rudolph II of the Palatinate the Bold
- Rudolph III, King of Burgundy the Tall
- Rudolph III of Burgundy the Lazy
- Rudolph III of Tübingen-Herrenberg (d.1277) the Black
- Rudolph IV of Austria the Upright, the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous, the Founder
- Rudolph, Count of Habsburg (d.1229) the Silent
- Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine the Brave
- Rudolph of Baden-Baden Rudolph Hesso
- Rupert I, Elector Palatine of the Rhine the Red
- Rupert II, Elector Palatine of the Rhine the Hard, the Stern
- Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine (1406–1426) the Englishman
- Rupert of Germany Rupert of the Palatinate, Klem (Smith's Vise) [91]
- Rurik the Varangian
Regnal Name
- Raymond I of Tripoli: Raymond IV of Toulouse
Notes
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20061218074525/http://www.hostkingdom.net/isleoman.html. Archived from the original on December 18, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "WebCite query result". webcitation.org. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20040821045834/http://www.luth.se/luth/present/sweden/history/royals/queens/queens.shtml. Archived from the original on August 21, 2004. Retrieved March 17, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "stanhopefamilyorigins.com". stanhopefamilyorigins.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Genealogie Mittelalter". genealogie-mittelalter.de. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ↑ "Prince Rainier, RIP by Jørn K. Baltzersen". Lewrockwell.com. 2005-04-12. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Jenny Booth Updated 18 minutes ago (2012-03-13). "The Times | UK News, World News and Opinion". Timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070328210053/http://www.monaco-consulate.com/about.htm. Archived from the original on March 28, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20060410205803/http://www.palais.mc/wwwpal.nsf/fddc6890def04d19c1256d61004739ac/fb5e0f7673e944b2c1256fd000638c23!OpenDocument. Archived from the original on April 10, 2006. Retrieved March 11, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Rainulf II Trincanocte of Aversa and Drogo de Hauteville". Norman-world.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - 1 2 "Vol I File 2: The Paternal Ancestry of Homer Beers James". Homepages.rootsweb.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Ramon Berenguer I of Barcelona". Grec.net. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Viscounty of Cardona". Grec.net. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "A Compendium of Irish Biography - Letter M (1)". Booksulster.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - 1 2 3 4 Cawley, Charles (20 June 2012), Normandy Nobility, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved July 2012 Check date values in:
|access-date=(help), - ↑ http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_de_Nesle.htm
- ↑
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1911). "Raymond Iv". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Newadvent.org. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in: |access-date=(help) - ↑ "A Compendium of Irish Biography - Letter F". Booksulster.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Lundy, Darryl. "Person Page 10758". Thepeerage.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Cawley, Charles (19 March 2012), POITOU, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved July 2012 Check date values in:
|access-date=(help), - ↑ http://www.recherche.fr/encyclopedie/Renée_de_Rieux_%28maîtresse_de_Henri_III%29
- ↑ "King & Outlaw". Myweb.tiscali.co.uk. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Coxcomb". Bartleby.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Mike Mahoney. "Princes of Wales". Englishmonarchs.co.uk. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "RBH Biography:". Berkshirehistory.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - 1 2 "RBH Biography: Richard Barry, Earl of Barrymore (1769-1794)". Berkshirehistory.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20060528021359/http://www.askaboutireland.ie/show_narrative_page.do?page_id=1479. Archived from the original on May 28, 2006. Retrieved March 24, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "The Prince Regents Set". Georgian Index. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Richard Howe". nndb.com. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070203054716/http://www.celticcastles.com/castles/ballynahinch/html/history.html. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - 1 2 "Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Vol. 1". Manybooks.net. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Adversaries". Wellington15.tripod.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Ney Michel , duke of Elchingen, prince of Moskowa, Marshal (1804)". Ameliefr.club.fr. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - 1 2 3 "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20061207144047/http://www.brinkfamily.net/tree/p137.htm. Archived from the original on December 7, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑
- ↑ In the Shadow of Vesuvius: A Cultural History of Naples - Jordan Lancaster - Google Books. Retrieved July 2012 – via Google Books. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - 1 2 Jeff Matthews. "Angevin Naples part 1". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ History of the German emperors and their contemporaries - Elizabeth Peake - Google Books. Retrieved July 2012 – via Google Books. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ La France Pittoresque. "Roi Robert II le Pieux, capétien. Naissance, mort, couronnement, règne. Capétiens. Histoire, patrimoine et ancêtres". France-pittoresque.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "The History of the Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire - Vol 5 - Chapter LVIII Part II". Worldwideschool.org. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "History Of The Christian Church*". Ccel.org. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaand... - Online Information article about FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaand". Encyclopedia.jrank.org. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_d'Estouteville.htm
- ↑ http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_d'Harcourt.htm
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20051030065915/http://www.arenbergcenter.com/en/histoire/dates.htm. Archived from the original on October 30, 2005. Retrieved February 12, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_de_Bethune.htm
- ↑ Lundy, Darryl. "Exhibit". Thepeerage.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Vol II File 6: The Paternal Ancestry of Homer Beers James". Homepages.rootsweb.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "The Richard III Foundation". Richard111.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "BLOUNT of Mountjoy". Tudorplace.com.ar. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Robert de Château-du-Loir". Sbaldw.home.mindspring.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "The Golden Falcon". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Biographies: Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury". Britannia.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ The Pictorial History of England: Being a History of the People, as Well as ... - George Lillie Craik, Charles McFarlane, Hans Claude Hamilton - Google Books. Retrieved July 2012 – via Google Books. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Gert Egle. "Text 1". Teachsam.de. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20060617104709/http://magnacharta.org/Barons/baron_robert_fitzwalter.htm. Archived from the original on June 17, 2006. Retrieved February 12, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Robert, the 'baron thief'". Norman-world.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Les Normands en Méditerranée". Mondes-normands.caen.fr. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "The Keiths". Electricscotland.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Karl Marx. "Footnotrs: Revelations of the Diplomatic History of the 18th Century". Marxists.org. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070228184124/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page174.asp. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Karl Marx. "Revelations of the Diplomatic History of the 18th Century by Karl Marx". Marxists.org. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ ClanBoyd INternational (1927-05-11). "Boydbook". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20050426135443/http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=g&word=GUISCARD.ROBERT. Archived from the original on April 26, 2005. Retrieved February 12, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Norman Conquest of Sicily". Boglewood.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ A Companion to The Cantos of Ezra Pound - Carroll F. Terrell - Google Books. 1993-04-16. Retrieved July 2012 – via Google Books. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Frey, Albert Romer (1887). Sobriquets and Nicknames. Houghton, Mifflin. pp. 180–.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20061216051330/http://www.cabarfeidh.com/clanmackenzie.htm. Archived from the original on December 16, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20061022053832/http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayLeader.cfm?PID=5949. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2007. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Cawley, Charles (16 Apr 2008), Castile, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved July 2012 Check date values in:
|access-date=(help), - ↑ "My Lines - Person Page 180". rootsweb.com. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ↑ "Apellido Bermúdez de Castro". Bermudezdecastro.net. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "File 16: Ancestors of Paul Bailey MCBRIDE". Homepages.rootsweb.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Cawley, Charles (13 February 2012), CASTILE NOBILITY (1), Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved July 2012 Check date values in:
|access-date=(help), - ↑ "Roger I, 'Great Count'". Norman-world.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Alberto Gentile. "Ruggero II d'Altavilla". Stupormundi.it. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080529071638/http://martinrealm.org/genealogy/detoesny.htm. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Roger de Lloria". Grec.net. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Lundy, Darryl. "Person Page 3838". Thepeerage.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Normandy Excursions, Cultural travel tours of Normandy: The Vikings' Legacy". mynormandy.com. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
- ↑ Robert Sewell. "Normandy". Robertsewell.ca. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "Rambaud On The Rise Of Regionalism In The Appanage Period-The West". Shsu.edu. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ http://www.allempires.info/article/index.php?q=Month_In_History_September. Retrieved July 12, 2009. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "A General History of the Near East, Chapter 13". Xenohistorian.faithweb.com. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "The Islamic World to 1600: The Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (Roxelana)". Ucalgary.ca. Archived from the original on June 20, 2012. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ "House Of Hohenzollern Established In Brandenburg". History-world.org. Retrieved July 2012. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help)
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