List of state leaders in 1944

See also
List of state leaders in 1943 Events of 1944 List of state leaders in 1945 State leaders by year List of religious leaders in 1944 List of sovereign states in 1944 List of colonial governors in 1944

This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1944.

Africa

Egypt
- Monarch - Farouk I, King of Egypt (1936–1952)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Mustafa el-Nahhas, Prime Minister of Egypt (1942–1944)
  2. Ahmad Mahir Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1944–1945)
Ethiopia
- Monarch - Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia (1930–1974)^[1]
- Prime Minister - Makonnen Endelkachew, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1942–1957)
Liberia
- President -
  1. Edwin Barclay, President of Liberia (1930–1944)
  2. William Tubman, President of Liberia (1944–1971)
South Africa
- Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
- Governor-General - Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet, Officer Administering the Government of South Africa (1943–1946)
- Prime Minister - Jan Smuts, Prime Minister of South Africa (1939–1948)

Asia

Afghanistan
- Monarch - Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan (1933–1973)
- Prime Minister - Mohammad Hashim Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1929–1946)
Burma (partially recognized occupied state)
- President - Ba Maw, President of Burma (1943–1945)
- Prime Minister - Ba Maw, Prime Minister of Burma (1942–1945)
China
- Nationalist Government
  - Head of State - Chiang Kai-shek, Chairman of the National Government of China (1943–1949)
  - Premier - Chiang Kai-shek, President of the Executive Yuan of China (1939–1945)
- Reorganized National Government (puppet state of Japan)
  - Chairman -
    1. Wang Jingwei, Chairman of the National Government of China (1940–1944)
    2. Chen Gongbo, Acting Chairman of the National Government of China (1944–1945)
- Manchukuo (puppet state of Japan)
  - Monarch - Puyi, Emperor of Manchukuo (1932–1945)
  - Prime Minister - Zhang Jinghui, Prime Minister of Manchukuo (1935–1945)
- East Turkestan (unrecognized secessionist state)
  - declared independence on 12 November 1944
  - President - Elihan Tore, President of East Turkestan (1944–1946)
- Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
  - Monarch - Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama (1937–present)^[2]
Iran
- Monarch - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (1941–1979)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Ali Soheili, Prime Minister of Iran (1943–1944)
  2. Mohammad Sa'ed, Prime Minister of Iran (1944)
  3. Morteza-Qoli Bayat, Prime Minister of Iran (1944–1945)
Iraq
- Monarch - Faisal II, King of Iraq (1939–1958)
- Regent - Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, Regent of Iraq (1941–1953)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Nuri al-Said, Prime Minister of Iraq (1941–1944)
  2. Hamdi al-Pachachi, Prime Minister of Iraq (1944–1946)
Japan
- Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister of Japan (1941–1944)
  2. Kuniaki Koiso, Prime Minister of Japan (1944–1945)
Lebanon
- President - Bechara El Khoury, President of Lebanon (1943–1952)
- Prime Minister - Riad Al Solh, Prime Minister of Lebanon (1943–1945)
Mongolia
- Communist Party Leader - Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1940–1954)
- Head of State - Gonchigiin Bumtsend, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of Mongolia (1940–1953)
- Premier - Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Mongolia (1939–1952)
Nepal
- Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
- Prime Minister - Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Prime Minister of Nepal (1932–1945)
Muscat and Oman
- Monarch - Said Bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1932–1970)
Philippines (partially recognized occupied state)
- President - José P. Laurel, President of the Philippines (1943–1945)
Saudi Arabia
- Monarch - Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1902–1953)^[3]
Thailand
- Monarch - Ananda Mahidol, King of Thailand (1935–1946)
- Regent - Pridi Banomyong, Regent of Thailand (1944–1945)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime Minister of Thailand (1938–1944)
  2. Khuang Aphaiwong, Prime Minister of Thailand (1944–1945)
Turkey
- President - İsmet İnönü, President of Turkey (1938–1950)
- Prime Minister - Şükrü Saracoğlu, Prime Minister of Turkey (1942–1946)
Tuva
- incorporated into the Soviet Union on October 11, 1944
- Communist Party Leader - Salchak Toka, General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1932–1944)
- Head of State - Khertek Anchimaa-Toka, Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Hural of Tuva (1940–1944)
- Premier - Saryg-Dongak Chymba, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tuva (1940–1944)
Yemen
- Monarch - Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, King of Yemen (1904–1948)^[4]

Europe

Albania
- the German occupation ended in November 1944
- Head of State -
  1. Mehdi Frashëri, Chairman of the High Council of Regency of Albania (1943-1944)
  2. Omer Nishani, Chairman of the Presidium of the Antifascist Council of National Liberation of Albania (1944–1953)
- Head of Government -
  1. Rexhep Mitrovica, Prime Minister of Albania (1943–1944)
  2. Fiqri Dine, Prime Minister of Albania (1944)
  3. Ibrahim Biçakçiu, Prime Minister of Albania (1944)
  4. Enver Hoxha, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1944–1954)
Andorra
- Monarchs -
  - French Co-Prince -
    1. Philippe Pétain, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1940–1944)
    2. Charles de Gaulle, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1944–1946)
    - Co-Prince's Representative -
      1. Jules Lamastres (1940–1944)
      2. Robert Barran (1944–1945)
  - Episcopal Co-Prince - Ramon Iglesias i Navarri, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1943–1969)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Jaume Sansa Nequí (1937–1972)
- First Syndic - Francesc Cairat Freixes, First Syndic of Andorra (1937–1960)
Belgium
- German occupation ended in September 1944
- German Governor -
  1. Alexander von Falkenhausen, Military Governor of Belgium and Northern France (1940–1944)
  2. Josef Grohé, Reichskommissar of Belgium and Northern France (1944)
- Monarch - Leopold III, King of the Belgians (1934–1951)^[5] (under house arrest)
- Regent - Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, Regent of Belgium (1944–1950)
- Prime Minister - Hubert Pierlot, Prime Minister of Belgium (1944–1945)
- Belgian government in exile
  - the government returned on September 8, 1944
  - Prime Minister - Hubert Pierlot, Prime Minister of Belgium (1939–1944)
Bohemia and Moravia (German protectorate under occupation)
- German Governor - Wilhelm Frick, Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia (1943–1945)
- President - Emil Hácha, State President of Bohemia and Moravia (1938–1945)^[6]
- Prime Minister - Jaroslav Krejčí, Prime Minister of Bohemia and Moravia (1942–1945)
- Czechoslovak government-in-exile
  - President - Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia (1940–1945)
  - Prime Minister - Jan Šrámek, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1940–1945)
Bulgaria
- Monarch - Simeon II, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1943–1946)
- Regent -
  1. Prince Kiril, Prince of Preslav + Bogdan Filov + Nikola Mikhov, Regency Council of Bulgaria (1943–1944)
  2. Venelin Ganev + Todor Pavlov + Tsvetko Boboshevski, Regency Council of Bulgaria (1944–1946)
- Premier -
  1. Dobri Bozhilov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1943–1944)
  2. Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1944)
  3. Konstantin Muraviev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1944)
  4. Kimon Georgiev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1944–1946)
Croatia (partially recognized state under German occupation)
- Head of State - Ante Pavelić, Leader of Croatia (1941–1945)
- Prime Minister - Nikola Mandić, Prime Minister of Croatia (1943–1945)
Denmark (under German occupation)
- Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
- Prime Minister - vacant, Prime Minister of Denmark (1943–1945)
- German Governor - Werner Best, Reich Plenipotentiary in Denmark (1942–1945)
Finland
- President -
  1. Risto Ryti, President of Finland (1940–1944)
  2. Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, President of Finland (1944–1946)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Edwin Linkomies, Prime Minister of Finland (1943–1944)
  2. Antti Hackzell, Prime Minister of Finland (1944)
  3. Urho Castrén, Prime Minister of Finland (1944)
  4. Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Prime Minister of Finland (1944–1946)
France
- the German-occupied French State was gradually superseded by the French Republic by August 1944
- Head of State -
  1. Philippe Pétain, Chief of State of France (1940–1944)
  2. Charles de Gaulle, Chairman of the Provisional Government of France (1944–1946)
- Prime Minister - Pierre Laval, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1942–1944)
Germany
- Head of State - Adolf Hitler, Führer of Germany (1934–1945)
- Chancellor - Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany (1933–1945)
Greece (under Axis occupation)
- the German-occupied Hellenic State was superseded by the restored Kingdom of Greece in October 1944
- German Governor - Hermann Neubacher, German Plenipotentiary to Greece (1943–1944)
- Head of State - Ioannis Rallis, President of the Government of Greece (1943–1944)
- Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1944–1947)^[7]
- Regent - Archbishop Damaskinos, Regent of Greece (1944–1946)
- Prime Minister - Georgios Papandreou, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1944–1945)
- Greek government-in-exile
  - the government returned on October 18, 1944
  - Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1935–1947)^[8]
  - Prime Minister -
    1. Emmanouil Tsouderos, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1941–1944)
    2. Sofoklis Venizelos, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1944)
    3. Georgios Papandreou, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1944)
Hungary (under German occupation)
- occupied by Germany in April 1944, the Kingdom of Hungary was superseded by the Government of National Unity in October
- Head of State -
  1. Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
  2. Ferenc Szálasi, Leader of the Nation of Hungary (1944–1945)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Miklós Kállay, Prime Minister of Hungary (1942–1944)
  2. Döme Sztójay, Prime Minister of Hungary (1944)
  3. Géza Lakatos, Prime Minister of Hungary (1944)
  4. Béla Miklós, Prime Minister of Hungary (rival government) (1944–1945)
Iceland
- the Kingdom of Iceland was superseded by Republic of Iceland on June 17, 1944
- Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
- Regent - Sveinn Björnsson, Regent of Iceland (1941–1944)
- President - Sveinn Björnsson, President of Iceland (1944–1952)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Björn Þórðarson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1942–1944)
  2. Ólafur Thors, Prime Minister of Iceland (1944–1947)
Ireland
- Monarch - George VI, King of Ireland (1936–1949)
- President - Douglas Hyde, President of Ireland (1938–1945)
- Prime Minister - Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach of Ireland (1932–1948)
Italy
- Kingdom of Italy
  - Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  - Regent - Prince Umberto, Prince of Piedmont, Lieutenant General of the Realm of Italy (1944–1946)
  - Prime Minister -
    1. Pietro Badoglio, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1943–1944)
    2. Ivanoe Bonomi, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1944–1945)
- Italian Social Republic (partially recognized state under German occupation)
  - Head of State - Benito Mussolini, Provisional Head of State of the Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
Liechtenstein
- Monarch - Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
- Head of Government - Josef Hoop, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1928–1945)
Luxembourg
- German annexation ended and the government-in-exile returned in September 1944
- Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)^[9]
- Prime Minister - Pierre Dupong, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1937–1953)^[10]
Monaco
- German occupation ended on September 3, 1944
- Monarch - Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
- Head of Government -
  1. Émile Roblot, Minister of State of Monaco (1937–1944)
  2. Pierre Blanchy, Acting Minister of State of Monaco (1944)
  3. Pierre de Witasse, Minister of State of Monaco (1944–1948)
Montenegro (under German occupation)
- re-integrated into Yugoslavia at the end of the German occupation on December 15, 1944
- Governor -
  1. Theodor Geib, German plenipotentiary general in Montenegro (1943–1944)
  2. Wilhelm Keiper, German plenipotentiary general in Montenegro (1944)
- Head of Government - Ljubo Vukčevič, President of the National Committee of Montenegro (1943–1945)
Netherlands (under German occupation)
- German Governor - Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Reich Commissioner for the occupied Dutch territories (1940–1945)
- Dutch government-in-exile
  - Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)^[11]
  - Prime Minister - Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1940–1945)
Norway (under German occupation)
- German Governor - Josef Terboven, Reich Commissioner for the occupied Norwegian territories (1940–1945)
- Prime Minister - Vidkun Quisling, Minister President of Norway (1942–1945)
- Norwegian government-in-exile
  - Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)^[12]
  - Prime Minister - Johan Nygaardsvold, Prime Minister of Norway (1935–1945)^[13]
Poland (partially annexed by Germany)
- the Republic of Poland was declared on January 1, 1944 on territory recovered from German annexation
- Communist Party Leader - Władysław Gomułka, First Secretary of the Central Committee of Polish United Workers' Party (1943–1948)
- Head of State - Bolesław Bierut, President of the Presidium of the Popular Council of Poland (1944–1952)
- Premier - Edward Osóbka-Morawski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1944–1947)
- Polish government-in-exile
  - President - Władysław Raczkiewicz, President of Poland (1939–1947)
  - Prime Minister -
    1. Stanisław Mikołajczyk, Prime Minister of Poland (1943–1944)
    2. Tomasz Arciszewski, Prime Minister of Poland (1944–1947)
Portugal
- President - Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
- Premier - António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal (1932–1968)
Romania
- Monarch - Michael I, King of the Romanians (1940–1947)
- Premier -
  1. Ion Antonescu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1940–1944)
  2. Constantin Sănătescu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1944)
  3. Nicolae Rădescu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1944–1945)
San Marino
- Captains Regent -
  1. Marino Della Balda and Sante Lonfernini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1943–1944)
  2. Francesco Balsimelli and Sanzio Valentini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1944)
  3. Teodoro Lonfernini and Leonida Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1944–1945)
Serbia (under German occupation)
- German occupation ended on October 20, 1944
- German Governor - Hans Felber, Commander of Southeast Europe (1943–1944)
- Head of Government - Milan Nedić, President of the Ministerial Council of the Serbian Government of National Salvation (1941–1944)
Slovakia (partially recognized occupied state)
- invaded by Germany on August 28, 1944
- President - Jozef Tiso, President of Slovakia (1939–1945)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Vojtech Tuka, Prime Minister of Slovakia (1939–1944)
  2. Štefan Tiso, Prime Minister of Slovakia (1944–1945)
Soviet Union
- Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
- Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)^[14]
- Premier - Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1941–1953)
Spain
- Head of State - Francisco Franco, Head of State of Spain (1936–1975)
- Prime Minister - Francisco Franco, President of the Government of Spain (1938–1973)
Sweden
- Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
- Prime Minister - Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1936–1946)
Switzerland
- Federal Council:^[15]
  Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1928–1944), Philipp Etter (1934–1959), Enrico Celio (1940–1950), Eduard von Steiger (1940–1951), Karl Kobelt (1940–1954), Walther Stampfli (1940–1947, President), Ernst Nobs (1943–1951), Max Petitpierre (1944–1961)
United Kingdom
- Monarch - George VI, King of the United Kingdom (1936–1952)
- Prime Minister - Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1940–1945)
Vatican City
- Monarch - Pope Pius XII, Sovereign of Vatican City (1939–1958)
- Governor - Marquis Camillo Serafini, Governor of Vatican City (1929–1952)
- President of the Governorate - Cardinal Nicola Canali, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1939–1961)
- Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
  - Secretary of State - Cardinal Luigi Maglione, Cardinal Secretary of State (1939–1944)
Yugoslavia
- Communist Party leader - Josip Broz Tito, General Secretary of the Yugoslav Communist Party (1936–1980)
- Head of State - Ivan Ribar, Chairman of the Presidium of the Provisional People's Assembly of Yugoslavia (1943–1953)
- Head of Government - Josip Broz Tito, Chairman of the Executive Council of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (1943–1963)
- Yugoslav government-in-exile
  - Monarch - Peter II, King of Yugoslavia (1934–1945)^[16]
  - Prime Minister -
    1. Božidar Purić, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1943–1944)
    2. Ivan Šubašić, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1944–1945)

North America

Canada
- Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
- Governor General - Alexander Cambridge, Earl of Athlone, Governor General of Canada (1940–1946)
- Prime Minister - William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada (1935–1948)
Costa Rica
- President -
  1. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, President of Costa Rica (1940–1944)
  2. Teodoro Picado Michalski, President of Costa Rica (1944–1948)
Cuba
- President -
  1. Fulgencio Batista, President of Cuba (1940–1944)
  2. Ramón Grau, President of Cuba (1944–1948)
- Premier -
  1. Ramón Zaydín, Premier of Cuba (1942–1944)
  2. Anselmo Alliegro y Milá, Premier of Cuba (1944)
  3. Félix Lancís Sánchez, Premier of Cuba (1944–1945)
Dominican Republic
- De facto Head of State - Rafael Trujillo, de facto ruler of the Dominican Republic (1930–1961)
- President - Rafael Trujillo, President of the Dominican Republic (1942–1952)
El Salvador
- President -
  1. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, President of El Salvador (1935–1944)
  2. Andrés Ignacio Menéndez, Provisional President of El Salvador (1944)
  3. Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, Provisional President of El Salvador (1944–1945)
Guatemala
- President -
  1. Jorge Ubico, President of Guatemala (1931–1944)
  2. Juan Federico Ponce Vaides, Acting President of Guatemala (1944)
  3. Revolutionary Government Junta, Head of State of Guatemala (1944–1945)
Haiti
- President - Élie Lescot, President of Haiti (1941–1946)
Honduras
- President - Tiburcio Carías Andino, President of Honduras (1933–1949)
Mexico
- President - Manuel Ávila Camacho, President of Mexico (1940–1946)
Nicaragua
- President - Anastasio Somoza García, President of Nicaragua (1937–1947)
Panama
- President - Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango, President of Panama (1941–1945)
United States of America
- President - Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States (1933–1945)

Oceania

Australia
- Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
- Governor-General - Alexander Hore-Ruthven, Baron Gowrie, Governor-General of Australia (1936–1945)
- Prime Minister - John Curtin, Prime Minister of Australia (1941–1945)
New Zealand
- Monarch - George VI, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1936–1952)
- Governor-General - Sir Cyril Newall, Governor-General of New Zealand (1941–1946)
- Prime Minister - Peter Fraser, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1940–1949)

South America

Argentina
- President -
  1. Pedro Pablo Ramírez, President of Argentina (1943–1944)
  2. Edelmiro Julián Farrell, President of Argentina (1944–1946)
Bolivia
- President - Gualberto Villarroel, Chairman of the Government Junta of Bolivia^[17] (1943–1946)
Brazil
- President - Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (1930–1945)
Chile
- President - Juan Antonio Ríos, President of Chile (1942–1946)
Colombia
- President - Alfonso López Pumarejo, President of Colombia (1942–1945)
Ecuador
- President -
  1. Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río, President of Ecuador (1940–1944)
  2. José María Velasco Ibarra, President of Ecuador (1944–1947)
Paraguay
- President - Higinio Moríñigo, President of Paraguay (1940–1948)
Peru
- President - Manuel Prado Ugarteche, President of Peru (1939–1945)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Alfredo Solf y Muro, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1939–1944)
  2. Manuel Cisneros Sánchez, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1944–1945)
Uruguay
- President - Juan José de Amézaga, President of Uruguay (1943–1947)
Venezuela
- President - Isaías Medina Angarita, President of Venezuela (1941–1945)

References

↑ In exile between 1936 and 1941.
↑ Tenzin Gyatso was only enthroned in 1950, Tibet accepted Chinese sovereignty in 1951, the Dalai Lama went into exile in 1959, and his political role in the government-in-exile ended in 2011.
↑ Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
↑ Yemen only became independent in 1918.
↑ German prisoner between 1940 an 1945, in exile between 1945 and 1950.
↑ Hácha was President of Czechoslovakia between 1938 and 1939.
↑ In exile until 1946.
↑ In exile between 1941 and 1946.
↑ In exile between 1940 and 1945.
↑ In exile between 1940 and 1944.
↑ In exile between 1940 and 1945.
↑ In exile between 1940 and 1945.
↑ In exile between 1940 and 1945.
↑ Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.
↑ The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
↑ In exile from 1941.
↑ Titles changed from Chairman of the Government Junta to Provisional President on 5 April 1944, and to President on 6 August 1944.

External links

State leaders by year of the 20th century

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