Ptosis (breasts)

For other uses, see Ptosis (disambiguation).
Ptosis (breasts)
Classification and external resources
ICD-9-CM 611.81
eMedicine plastic/128

Female breast ptosis or sagging is a natural consequence of aging. The rate at which a woman's breasts droop and the degree of ptosis depends on many factors. The key factors influencing breast ptosis over a woman's lifetime are cigarette smoking, her number of pregnancies, gravity, higher body mass index, larger bra cup size, and significant weight gain and loss.[1] Post-menopausal women may experience increased ptosis due to a loss of skin elasticity. Many women and medical professionals mistakenly believe that breastfeeding increases sagging. It is also commonly believed that the breast itself offers insufficient support and that wearing a bra prevents sagging which has not been found to be true.[2]

Plastic surgeons categorize the severity of ptosis by evaluating the position of the nipple relative to the infra-mammary fold, the point at which the underside of the breasts attach to the chest wall. In the most advanced stage, the nipples are below the fold and point towards the ground.

Breast structure

Main article: breast

Anatomically, a female's breasts do not contain any muscle but are composed of soft, glandular tissue. Breasts are composed of mammary glands, milk ducts, adipose tissue (fat tissue) and Cooper's ligaments.

Mammary glands remain relatively constant throughout life. Fat tissue surrounds the mammary glands, and its volume will normally vary throughout life. Although the exact mechanisms that determine breast shape and size are largely unknown,[3] the amount and distribution of fat tissue and, to a lesser extent, mammary tissue, cause variations in breast size, shape and volume. The Cooper's ligaments offer minimal connective tissue to support the breasts.

Causes

University of Kentucky plastic surgeon Brian Rinker encountered many women in his practice who attributed their sagging breasts to breastfeeding, which was also the usual belief among medical practitioners.[4] He decided to find out if this was true, and between 1998 and 2006 he and other researchers interviewed 132 women who were seeking breast augmentation or breast lifts. They studied the women's medical history, body mass index (BMI), their number of pregnancies, their breast cup size before pregnancy, and smoking status. The study results were presented at a conference of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.[1]

Key factors

According to Rinker's research, there are several key factors. A history of cigarette smoking "breaks down a protein in the skin called elastin, which gives youthful skin its elastic appearance and supports the breast." The number of pregnancies was strongly correlated with ptosis, with the effects increasing with each pregnancy.[1] As most women age, breasts naturally yield to gravity and tend to sag and fold over the inframammary crease, the lower attachment point to the chest wall. This is more true for larger-breasted women. The fourth reason was significant weight gain or loss (greater than 50 pounds (23 kg)).[1] Other significant factors were higher body mass index and larger bra cup size.[5]

Breastfeeding not a factor

In Rinker's study, 55% of respondents reported an adverse change in breast shape after pregnancy. Many women mistakenly attribute the changes and their sagging breasts to breastfeeding,[6] and as a result some are reluctant to nurse their infants. Research shows that breastfeeding is not the factor that many thought it was.[1] Rinker concluded that "Expectant mothers should be reassured that breastfeeding does not appear to have an adverse effect upon breast appearance."[1] Also discounted as causes affecting ptosis are weight gain during pregnancy and lack of participation in regular upper body exercise.[5]

Effect of vigorous exercise

When running, breasts may move three dimensionally: vertically, horizontally and laterally, in an overall figure-8 motion. Unrestrained movement of large breasts may contribute to sagging over time.[7] Motion studies have revealed that when a woman runs, more than 50% of the breast's total movement is vertical, 22% is side-to-side, and 27% is in-and-out.[8] A 2007 study found that encapsulation-type sports bras, in which each cup is separately molded, are more effective than compression-type bras, which press the breasts close to the body, at reducing total breast motion during exercise. Encapsulation bras reduce motion in two of the three planes, while compression bras reduce motion in only one plane.[9] Previously, it was commonly believed that a woman with small to medium-size breasts benefited most from a compression-type sports bra, and women with larger breasts need an encapsulation-type sports bra.[8]

Presentation

A woman's breasts change in size, volume, and position on her chest throughout her life. In young women with large breasts, sagging may occur early in life due to the effects of gravity. It may be primarily caused by the volume and weight of the breasts which are disproportionate to her body size.[1]

Impact of pregnancy

During pregnancy, the ovaries and the placenta produce estrogen and progesterone. These hormones stimulate the 15 to 20 lobes of the milk-secreting glands in the breasts to develop. Women who experience multiple pregnancies repeatedly stretch the skin envelope during engorgement while lactating. As a woman's breasts change in size during repeated pregnancies, the size of her breasts change as her mammary glands are engorged with milk and as she gains and loses weight with each pregnancy.[7] In addition, when milk production stops (usually as a child is weaned), the voluminous mammary glands diminish in volume, but they still add bulk and firmness to the breast. These changes in the mammary glands contribute further to sagging.

Middle-aged women

In middle-aged women, breast ptosis is caused by a combination of factors. If a woman has been pregnant, postpartum hormonal changes will cause her depleted milk glands to atrophy. Breast tissue and suspensory ligaments may also be stretched if the woman is overweight or loses and gains weight. When these factors are at play, the breast prolapses, or falls forward. When a woman with sagging breasts stands, the underside or inferior skin of the breast folds over the infra-mammary fold and lies against the chest wall. The nipple-areola complex tends to move lower on the breast relative to the inframammary crease. The nipple of the breast may also tend to point downward.

Post-menopausal women

In post-menopausal women, breast atrophy is aggravated by the inelasticity of over-stretched, aged skin.[10] This is due in part to the reduction in estrogen, which affects all body tissues, including breast tissue. The loss of estrogen reduces breast size and fullness. Estrogen is also essential to maintaining a fibrous protein called collagen, which makes up much of the breast's connective tissue.

Severe ptosis

Ptosis scale

Stages of ptosis

Plastic surgeons describe the degree of breast sagging using a ptosis scale like the modified Regnault ptosis scale below:[11][12]

Bras and ptosis

Main article: Brassiere

Since breasts are an external organ and do not contain muscle, exercise cannot improve their shape. They are not protected from external forces and are subject to gravity. Many women mistakenly believe that breasts cannot anatomically support themselves and that wearing a brassiere will prevent their breasts from sagging later in life.[13] Researchers, bra manufacturers, and health professionals cannot find any evidence to support the idea that wearing a bra for any amount of time slows breast ptosis.[14] Bra manufacturers are careful to claim that bras only affect the shape of breasts while they are being worn.[13][15]

Bras don't prevent ptosis

No medical evidence

"We have no medical evidence that wearing a bra could prevent sagging, because the breast itself is not muscle so keeping it toned up is an impossibility."

John Dixey, former CEO of Playtex

Robert Mansell, a professor of surgery at the University Hospital of Wales, in Cardiff, reported that, "Bras don't prevent breasts from sagging, with regard to stretching of the breast ligaments and drooping in later life, that occurs very regularly anyway, and that's a function of the weight, often of heavy breasts, and these women are wearing bras and it doesn't prevent it." John Dixey, at the time CEO of Playtex, agreed with Mansell. "We have no medical evidence that wearing a bra could prevent sagging, because the breast itself is not muscle so keeping it toned up is an impossibility."[2]

Bralessness improved comfort

Two small studies provide some indication that wearing a bra may have an overall negative effect on sagging breasts. In a Japanese study, 11 women were measured wearing a standardised fitted bra for three months. They found that breasts became larger and lower, with the underbust measurement decreasing and the overbust increasing, while the lowest point of the breast moved downwards and outwards. The effect was more pronounced in larger-breasted women. This may be related to the particular bra chosen for the experiment, as there was some improvement after changing to a different model.[16]

Medical treatment

Main article: Mastopexy

Some women with ptosis choose to undergo plastic surgery to make their breasts less ptotic. Plastic surgeons offer several procedures for lifting sagging breasts. Surgery to correct the size, contour, and elevation of sagging breasts is called mastopexy.[17][18] Women can also choose breast implants, or may undergo both procedures. The breast-lift procedure surgically elevates the parenchymal tissue (breast mass), cuts and re-sizes the skin envelope, and transposes the nipple-areola complex higher upon the breast hemisphere. If sagging is present and the woman opts not to undergo mastopexy, implants are typically placed above the muscle, to fill out the breast skin and tissue. Submuscular placement can result in deformity. In these cases, the implant appears to be high on the chest, while the natural breast tissue hangs down over the implant.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rinker, B; Veneracion, M; Walsh, C (2008). "The Effect of Breastfeeding on Breast Aesthetics". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 28 (5): 534–7. doi:10.1016/j.asj.2008.07.004. PMID 19083576. Lay summary – LiveScience (November 2, 2007).
  2. 1 2 Stuart, Julia (November 2, 2000). "Don't burn your bra just yet". The Independent. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  3. ↑ Page, KA; Steele, JR (April 1999). "Breast motion and sports brassiere design: Implications for future research". Sports Medicine. 27 (4): 205–11. doi:10.2165/00007256-199927040-00001. PMID 10367331.
  4. ↑ Lauersen, Niels H.; Stukane, Eileen (1998). The Complete Book of Breast Care (1st Trade Paperback ed.). New York: Fawcett Columbine/Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-449-91241-6. ...there is no medical reason to wear a bra, so the decision is yours, based on your own personal comfort and aesthetics. Whether you have always worn a bra or always gone braless, age and breastfeeding will naturally cause your breasts to sag.
  5. 1 2 Rinker, Brian; Veneracion, Melissa; Walsh, Catherine P. (March 2010). "Breast Ptosis". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 64: 1. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181c39377. PMID 20354434.
  6. ↑ "Sagging Breasts". Channel 4. 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  7. 1 2 Toffelmire, Amy. "Why do breasts sag?". MedBroadcast.com. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  8. 1 2 "Healthy Breast: Why You Should Wear Sports Bras on Every Workout?". Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  9. ↑ Scurr, Joanna C.; White, Jennifer L.; Hedger, Wendy (2010). "The effect of breast support on the kinematics of the breast during the running gait cycle". Journal of Sports Sciences. 28 (10): 1103–9. doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.497542. PMID 20686995. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (September 23, 2007).
  10. ↑ De la Torre, J. I. (2009). "Breast Mastopexy". Retrieved February 2, 2012.
  11. ↑ Younai, S. Sean. "Breast Sagging - Ptosis". Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  12. 1 2 "Anatomy of Breast Ptosis – How Breasts Sag". Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  13. 1 2 "Female Intelligence Agency: Why do women wear bras?". 007b Breast. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  14. ↑ "Female Intelligence Agency: What causes sagging of breasts?". 007b Breast.
  15. ↑ Cawthorn, Simon (November 2000). "Bras, the Bare Facts". Channel 4.
  16. ↑ Ashizawa K, Sugane A, Gunji T (June 1990). "Breast form changes resulting from a certain brassière". Journal of Human Ergology. 19 (1): 53–62. PMID 2092072.
  17. ↑ Mastopexy at eMedicine
  18. ↑ Smith, Dr. R. Scott. "Fuller Breasts: A Woman's Guide to Breast Augmentation". Breastbook.com.

Additional sources

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 8/18/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.