Ribosome-inactivating protein

Ribosome-inactivating protein

Structure of pokeweed antiviral protein.[1]
Identifiers
Symbol RIP
Pfam PF00161
InterPro IPR001574
PROSITE PDOC00248
SCOP 1paf
SUPERFAMILY 1paf

A ribosome-inactivating protein is a protein synthesis inhibitor that acts at the ribosome.[2]

A number of bacterial and plant toxins act by inhibiting protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. The toxins of the Shiga and ricin family inactivate 60S ribosomal subunits by an N-glycosidic cleavage, which releases a specific adenine base from the sugar-phosphate backbone of 28S rRNA.[3][4][5] Members of the family include shiga and shiga-like toxins, and type I (e.g. trichosanthin and luffin) and type II (e.g. ricin, agglutinin and abrin) ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs). All these toxins are structurally related. RIPs have been of considerable interest because of their potential use, conjugated with monoclonal antibodies, as immunotoxins to treat cancers. Further, trichosanthin has been shown to have potent activity against HIV-1-infected T cells and macrophages.[6] Elucidation of the structure-function relationships of RIPs has therefore become a major research effort. It is now known that RIPs are structurally related. A conserved glutamic residue has been implicated in the catalytic mechanism;[7] this lies near a conserved arginine, which also plays a role in catalysis.[8]

Examples include:

They exist in bacteria and plants.[9]

It should also be noted that only a minority of RIPs are toxic to humans when consumed, and proteins of this family are found in the vast majority of plants used for human consumption, such as Rice, Maize and Barley.

References

  1. ↑ Monzingo AF, Collins EJ, Ernst SR, Irvin JD, Robertus JD (October 1993). "The 2.5 A structure of pokeweed antiviral protein". J. Mol. Biol. 233 (4): 705–15. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1547. PMID 8411176.
  2. ↑ Ribosome Inactivating Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  3. ↑ Igarashi K, Endo Y, Tsurugi K, Takeda Y, Ogasawara T, Yutsudo T (1988). "Site of action of a Vero toxin (VT2) from Escherichia coli O157:H7 and of Shiga toxin on eukaryotic ribosomes. RNA N-glycosidase activity of the toxins". Eur. J. Biochem. 171 (1): 45–50. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13756.x. PMID 3276522.
  4. ↑ May MJ, Hartley MR, Roberts LM, Krieg PA, Osborn RW, Lord JM (1989). "Ribosome inactivation by ricin A chain: a sensitive method to assess the activity of wild-type and mutant polypeptides". EMBO J. 8 (1): 301–308. PMC 400803Freely accessible. PMID 2714255.
  5. ↑ Funatsu G, Islam MR, Minami Y, Sung-Sil K, Kimura M (1991). "Conserved amino acid residues in ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants". Biochimie. 73 (7): 1157–1161. doi:10.1016/0300-9084(91)90160-3. PMID 1742358.
  6. ↑ Zhou K, Fu Z, Chen M, Lin Y, Pan K (1994). "Structure of trichosanthin at 1.88 A resolution". Proteins. 19 (1): 4–13. doi:10.1002/prot.340190103. PMID 8066085.
  7. ↑ Collier RJ, Calderwood SB, Mekalanos JJ, Hovde CJ (1988). "Evidence that glutamic acid 167 is an active-site residue of Shiga-like toxin I". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (8): 2568–2572. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.8.2568. PMC 280038Freely accessible. PMID 3357883.
  8. ↑ Monzingo AF, Collins EJ, Ernst SR, Irvin JD, Robertus JD (1993). "The 2.5 A structure of pokeweed antiviral protein". J. Mol. Biol. 233 (4): 705–715. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1547. PMID 8411176.
  9. ↑ Mak AN, Wong YT, An YJ, et al. (2007). "Structure-function study of maize ribosome-inactivating protein: implications for the internal inactivation region and the sole glutamate in the active site". Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (18): 6259–67. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm687. PMC 2094058Freely accessible. PMID 17855394.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR001574


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