United States offshore drilling debate

Federal offshore areas withdrawn from oil and gas leasing.

The U.S. offshore drilling debate is an ongoing debate in the United States on whether or not offshore drilling should be allowed for new wells off the coast of the U.S.

Oil drilling platform about two miles (3 km) off the coast of California, near Santa Barbara.

The issue saw increased coverage when President George W. Bush in July 2008 lifted a 1990 executive order by George H. W. Bush banning offshore drilling,[1] while at the same time calling for drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[2]

The issue of offshore drilling became central in the 2008 presidential election, not least because of the oil price increases since 2003. It is also being debated in terms of both environmental issues and U.S. energy independence. As of September 2008, President Barack Obama is for limited offshore drilling as part of an extensive energy independence overhaul.[2]

Bush's energy policy was named "drill and veto" by U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.[3] The Drill Responsibly in Leased Lands (DRILL) Act (H.R. 6515) is one of the bills discussed in the Congress about drilling.[4] In Florida, many counties, cities, chambers of commerce, and other local agencies have passed resolutions against oil drilling in Florida waters.[5]

On March 31, 2010, President Obama announced that he was opening new areas in U.S. coastal waters to offshore drilling for gas and oil.[6][7] This was in stark contrast to his reaction only a few weeks later to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that has become the largest offshore oil spill in United States history.[8] In November 2010, the Obama administration rescinded the decision to open new areas.[9]

Background

As interpreted by the federal courts, the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution gives the federal government certain regulatory power over "navigable waters" of the United States. The Submerged Lands Act of 1953 and Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1953, along with the 1960 Supreme Court decision in United States v. States of Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, divided ownership of the tidelands of the United States between state and federal governments. States own the sea and seabed out to 3.5 miles (5.6 km), except Texas and Florida which own out to 10.5 miles (16.9 km). The federal government owns the remainder of the territorial waters.

The 28 January 1969 blowout at a Unocal rig, which spilled 3 million US gallons (11,000 m3) of petroleum off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, resulted in drilling bans in offshore California and Florida.[10]

Offshore drilling has continued in offshore Texas and Louisiana. In 2006, an 8,300,000-acre (34,000 km2) area in the Gulf of Mexico known as lease 181 was opened for exploration.[10] The existing moratorium on leasing on the Outer Continental Shelf expires in 2012, and the debate is on whether or not to extend it.

National security issues

Energy independence

Imported crude oil as a percent of U.S. consumption.

A common argument in favor of offshore drilling it reduces United States dependency on imported oil. Geopolitically, the U.S. would be less vulnerable to sanctions by oil-producing countries hostile to the United States. It would also make the United States less vulnerable to a stop in a country's oil exports, due to, for example, a civil war or an invasion of that country. The debate often makes references to the 1973 oil crisis and 1979 energy crisis.

Military training

In 2005, U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld stated that offshore drilling would disrupt military training and weapons testing, if done in an area of the Gulf of Mexico along the coast of Florida.[11]

Relations with Cuba

Although offshore drilling has long been banned in federal waters off the state of Florida, Cuba has been drilling its own offshore area near Florida.[12] The subject became an issue in the 2008 presidential race, with assertions and denials of the reality of Cuban offshore drilling. On 31 October 2008, Brazilian and Cuban presidents Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Raul Castro attended a ceremony at which the Brazilian oil company Petrobras agreed to drill for oil in Cuban offshore waters near Florida.[13] By May of 2011 Petrobas had withdrawn from the agreement due to poor prospects.[14]

Economic issues

Fuel price

One motivation of increased offshore drilling is to reduce the current fuel prices. In 2007, the Energy Information Administration at the U.S. Dep. of Energy analyzed the effect of lifting the ban on oil and gas leasing on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the eastern Gulf of Mexico.[15] With leasing beginning in 2012, the agency projected that production of oil would not be expected to start before 2017, and that as a result US oil production by 2030 would be 7% higher than it would be otherwise. The effect on fuel prices, however, would be "insignificant."[16]

The Natural Resources Defense Council estimated that with increased offshore leasing and drilling, the price of oil would only drop about 3–4 cents in 15 to 20 years.[17]

Trade deficit

Oil produced from offshore drilling reduces oil imports, and thus lessens the U.S. trade deficit.

Environmental issues

Oil spills

Offshore facilities pose an environmental risk of oil spills. On April 20, 2010, an underwater blowout and subsequent explosion and fire destroyed the Deepwater Horizon rig owned by Transocean Ltd. and operating in the Gulf of Mexico under lease to energy giant BP, resulting in the largest oil spill in United States history.

Endangered species

The federal Minerals Management Service gave permission to BP and dozens of other oil companies to drill in the Gulf of Mexico without first getting required permits that assesses threats to endangered species.[18]

Public opinion

Polls by independent national polling concerns in the US generally show majorities in favor of offshore drilling.

The Pew Research Center, which had documented a large and sharp drop in support for allowing more offshore drilling following the Deepwater Horizon spill in 2010 (down to 44% in favor versus 52% against), found that by March 2012, support for increased offshore drilling had returned to its pre-Deepwater Horizon level, with 65% in favor versus 31% against.[19]

A series of CNN polls 2008-2011 showed that support for increased offshore drilling dropped from 75% before the Deepwater Horizon spill to 57% shortly after. By April 2011, support had increased to 69%, versus 31% opposed.[20]

The Gallup organization found 50% support for increased offshore drilling in May 2010, a month after the Deepwater Horizon explosion. By March 2011, that support had increased to 60% in favor versus 37% opposed.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Bush lifts executive ban on offshore oil drilling". CNN. 2008-07-14. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  2. 1 2 Johanna Neuman; Richard Simon. "Bush 43 urges offshore drilling that Bush 41 banned". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  3. ↑ "Pelosi: Bush Administration's Energy Policy is 'Drill and Veto'". United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on 2008-08-02. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  4. ↑ "Congressional Action on Gas Prices & Energy Independence". Nancy Pelosi. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  5. ↑ Map of Resolutions Passed Against Offshore Oil Drilling in Florida http://www.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=106172446447503097421.000480838fe1fe5d92709&z=6
  6. ↑ Juliet Eilperin and Anne E. Kornblut (April 1, 2010). "President Obama opens new areas to offshore drilling". The Washington Post.
  7. ↑ John M. Broder (March 30, 2010). "Obama to Open Offshore Areas to Oil Drilling for First Time". The New York Times.
  8. ↑ Kristi Keck (May 3, 2010). "Could oil spill sap appetite for Obama's offshore drilling plans?". CNN.
  9. ↑ John M. Broder and Clifford Krauss (December 1, 2010). "U.S. Halts Plan to Drill in Eastern Gulf". New York Times.
  10. 1 2 Steven Mufson (2008-07-14). "Offshore Drilling Backed as Remedy for Oil Prices". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  11. ↑ "Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Offshore drilling is incompatible with military missions in Gulf of Mexico". Gasandoil.com. 2005-12-22. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  12. ↑ Time (23 October 2008): How Cuba's oil could change the US embargo. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
  13. ↑ "Petrobras signs with Cuba", World Oil, December 2008, p.109.
  14. ↑ "Petrobas abandons oil exploration in Cuba". MercoPress. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  15. ↑ The Oil Drum. "Presidential Energy Debate Fact Check #1: Is Offshore Drilling the Answer?". The Oil Drum. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  16. ↑ "EIA - Impacts of Increased Access to Oil and Natural Gas Resources in the Lower 48 Federal Outer Continental Shelf". Eia.doe.gov. 2003-01-01. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
  17. ↑ Metropulos, Jim (2008-07-15). "California Knows: Offshore Drilling Doesn't Make 'Cents'.". Sierra Club California. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  18. ↑ Urbina, Ian (2010-05-13). "U.S. Said to Allow Drilling Without Needed Permits". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
  19. ↑ Pew Research Center, As prices pinch, support for oil and gas production grows, 19 Mar. 2012.
  20. ↑ CNN Opinion Research Corp., , 19 Apr. 2011.
  21. ↑ Lydia Saad, U.S. Oil drilling gains favor with Americans, Gallup, 14 Mar. 2011.
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