Karuṇā

karuna
Chinese name
Chinese 悲
Literal meaning mercy
Burmese name
Burmese ကရုဏာ
IPA [ɡəjṵnà]
Tibetan name
Tibetan སྙིངརྗེ
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet từ bi
Thai name
Thai กรุณา
Korean name
Hangul 자비
Japanese name
Kanji 慈悲
Bengali name
Bengali করুণা
kôruna
Tamil name
Tamil கருணை karuṇai
Sanskrit name
Sanskrit karuṇā
Pāli name
Pāli karuṇā

Karuṇā (in both Sanskrit and Pali) is generally translated as compassion.[1] It is part of the spiritual path of both Buddhism and Jainism.

Buddhism

Karuṇā is important in all schools of Buddhism. For Theravāda Buddhists, dwelling in karuṇā is a means for attaining a happy present life and heavenly rebirth. For Mahāyāna Buddhists, karuṇā is a co-requisite for becoming a Bodhisattva.

Theravada Buddhism

In Theravāda Buddhism, karuṇā is one of the four "divine abodes" (brahmavihāra), along with loving kindness (Pāli: mettā), sympathetic joy (mudita) and equanimity (upekkha).[2] In the Pali canon, the Buddha recommends cultivating these four virtuous mental states to both householders and monastics.[3] When one develops these four states, the Buddha counsels radiating them in all directions, as in the following stock canonical phrase regarding karuṇā:

He keeps pervading the first direction—as well as the second direction, the third, and the fourth—with an awareness imbued with compassion. Thus he keeps pervading above, below, & all around, everywhere & in every respect the all-encompassing cosmos with an awareness imbued with compassion: abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill will.[4]

Such a practice purifies one's mind, avoids evil-induced consequences, leads to happiness in one's present life and, if there is a future karmic rebirth, it will be in a heavenly realm.[5]

The Pali commentaries distinguish between karuṇā and mettā in the following complementary manner: Karuna is the desire to remove harm and suffering (ahita-dukkha-apanaya-kāmatā) from others; while mettā is the desire to bring about the well-being and happiness (hita-sukha-upanaya-kāmatā) of others.[6]

In the Pali Canon, buddhas are also described as choosing to teach "out of compassion for beings."[7]

Mahayana Buddhism

In Mahāyāna Buddhism, karuṇā is one of the two qualities, along with enlightened wisdom (Sanskrit: prajña), to be cultivated on the bodhisattva path. According to scholar Rupert Gethin, this elevation of karuṇā to the status of prajña is one of the distinguishing factors between the Theravāda arahant ideal and the Mahāyāna bodhisattva ideal:

For the Mahāyāna ... the path to arhatship appears tainted with a residual selfishness since it lacks the motivation of the great compassion (mahākaruṇā) of the bodhisattva, and ultimately the only legitimate way of Buddhist practice is the bodhisattva path.[8]

Throughout the Mahāyāna world, Avalokiteśvara (Sanskrit; Chinese: Guan Yin; Japanese: Kannon; Tibetan: Chenrezig) is a bodhisattva who embodies karuṇā.

In the Intermediate section of the Stages of Meditation by Kamalashila, he writes:

Moved by compassion[karunā], Bodhisattvas take the vow to liberate all sentient beings. Then by overcoming their self-centered outlook, they engage eagerly and continuously in the very difficult practices of accumulating merit and insight. Having entered into this practice, they will certainly complete the collection of merit and insight. Accomplishing the accumulation of merit and insight is like having omniscience itself in the palm of your hand. Therefore, since compassion is the only root of omniscience, you should become familiar with this practice from the very beginning."[9]

In Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, one of the foremost authoritative texts on the Bodhisattva path is the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra by Shantideva. In the eighth section entitled Meditative Concentration, Shantideva describes meditation on Karunā as thus:

Strive at first to meditate upon the sameness of yourself and others. In joy and sorrow all are equal; Thus be guardian of all, as of yourself. The hand and other limbs are many and distinct, But all are one--the body to kept and guarded. Likewise, different beings, in their joys and sorrows, are, like me, all one in wanting happiness. This pain of mine does not afflict or cause discomfort to another's body, and yet this pain is hard for me to bear because I cling and take it for my own. And other beings' pain I do not feel, and yet, because I take them for myself, their suffering is mine and therefore hard to bear. And therefore I'll dispel the pain of others, for it is simply pain, just like my own. And others I will aid and benefit, for they are living beings, like my body. Since I and other beings both, in wanting happiness, are equal and alike, what difference is there to distinguish us, that I should strive to have my bliss alone?"[10]

Jainism

Karuṇā is associated with the Jain practice of compassion. For instance, karuṇā is one of the four reflections of universal friendship — along with amity (Sanskrit: maitri), appreciation (pramoda) and equanimity (madhyastha)—used to stop (samvara) the influx of karma.[11]

Miscellaneous

Karuṇā is a common first name throughout India, used for both genders.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Regarding the Sanskrit word, see Monier-Williams (1899), p. 255, entry for "karuṇā" (retrieved at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0255-karaTa.pdf), where the noun form of the word is defined as "pity, compassion". For the Pali word, see Rhys, Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 197, entry for "Karuṇā" (retrieved at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:356.pali), where it is defined as "pity, compassion". In general, contemporary scholars, translators and interpreters have consistently translated the word as "compassion," not "pity." This can be seen, for instance, in (listed chronologically) Warder (1970/2004, p. 95), Ñāṇamoli (Buddhaghosa & Ñāṇamoli, 1975/1991, Vsm. IX.77ff., pp. 306ff.), Saddhatissa (1985/1994, p. 3, Sn 3.39), Thanissaro (1994, AN 3.65), Salzberg (1995, pp. 102ff.), Gethin (1998, p. 187), and Bodhi (2000, SN 41.7, p. 1325).
  2. ↑ Gethin (1998), pp.186-187; and, Rhys Davids & Stede, op. cit.
  3. ↑ For instance, in the Kālāmā Sutta (AN 3.65), the Buddha speaks of all Noble Disciples (ariya-savaka) developing the brahmaviharas (Thanissaro, 1994).
  4. ↑ Kālāmā Sutta (AN 3.65), trans. Thanissaro (1994). The "four directions" refer to east, south, west and north.
  5. ↑ AN 3.65 (Thanissaro, 1994). In regards to in which heavenly realm a frequent karuṇā dweller will be reborn, AN 4.125 (Thanissaro, 2006) identifies it as the realm of radiant (abhassara) devas, whose lifespans last two eons.
  6. ↑ Sn-A 128 (cited by Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921–25, op. cit.); see also, BDEA & BuddhaNet (n.d.). Similarly, the post-canonical Visuddhimagga, chapter IX, vv. 105-109, provides further elucidation, such as with a metaphor describing mettā as a mother's wish for her (healthy) child to grow up and karuṇā as a mother's wish for her sick child to get well (Buddhaghosa & Nanamoli, 1975/99, pp. 313-4).
  7. ↑ In Pali, sattesu ... kāruññataṃ paṭicca, found in DN 3.6 (regarding Vipassī Buddha), MN 26.21 and SN 6.1 (see, e.g., Bodhi, 2000, pp. 233, 430, n. 362; and Thanissaro, 1997). It is worthwhile noting as well that several other references in the Pali Canon to the Buddha's acting out of "compassion" are not related directly to karuṇā but to the synonymous anukampā (which is also defined as "mercy" in Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-25, p. 34).
  8. ↑ Gethin (1999), p. 228.
  9. ↑ Stages of Meditation by H.H The Dalai Lama, Root Text by Kamalashila. Snow Lion Publications. Page 42-43
  10. ↑ The Way of the Bodhisattva by Shantideva. Shambhala Publications. Page 122-123
  11. ↑ Shah (n.d.). Regarding samvara, see "Release from karmas". From a comparative religion perspective, cf. Buddhism's four brahmavihara; for instance, maitri is often identified as a Sanskrit correlate of the Pali mettā (Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-5, p. 540, entry for "Mettā," retrieved at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:177.pali).

Sources

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