List of sovereign states in the 4th century BC

The development of states—large-scale, populous, politically centralized, and socially stratified polities/societies governed by powerful rulers—marks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies. Archaeologists often distinguish between primary (or pristine) states and secondary states. Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre-existing state. The earliest known primary states appeared in Mesopatamia ca. 3700 B.C., in Egypt ca. 3300 B.C., in the Indus Valley ca. 2500 B.C., India ca 1700 B. C.,and in China ca. 1600 B.C. As they interacted with their less developed neighbors through trade, warfare, migration, and more generalized ideological influences, the primary states directly or indirectly fostered the emergence of secondary states in surrounding areas, for example, the Hittites in Anatolia, the Minoan and Mycenaean states of the Aegean, or the Nubian kingdoms in the Sudan. According to Professor Gil Stein of the University of Chicago Oriental Institute, "The excavations and archaeological surveys of the last few decades have vastly increased both the quantity and quality of what we know about ancient states and urbanism. Archaeologists have broadened the scope of their research beyond the traditional focus on rulers and urban elites. Current research now aims at understanding the role of urban commoners, craft specialists, and village-based farmers in the overall organization of ancient states and societies. Given the immense geographical scope encompassed by the term 'the Ancient World'".^[1] The notion of a sovereign state arises in the 16th century with the development of modern diplomacy.For earlier times, the term "sovereign state" is an anachronism. What corresponded to sovereign states in the medieval and ancient period were monarchs ruling By the Grace of God, de facto feudal or imperial autocrats, or de facto independent nations or tribal confederations. This is a list of sovereign states that existed between 400 BC and 301 BC.

Sovereign states

Map of Earth in 400 BC

Sovereign state	Years
Achaemenid Empire	550 - 330 BC
Adena culture	1000 - 200 BC
Albania	4th century BC - 8th century AD
Ammon	c.10th century - 332 BC
Athens	510 - 322 BC
Atropatene	320s BC - 3rd century AD
Bithynia
Carthaginian Empire	650 - 146 BC
Chavín culture	900 - 200 BC
Chera Kingdom	5th century BC - AD 1102
Chola
Chorrera	1800 - 300 BC
Chu	1030 - 223 BC
Corinth
Cyrene
Dʿmt	c.980 - c.400 BC
Dardanian Kingdom	c.448 BC – 28 BC
Gojoseon	2333 - 108 BC
Han	403 - 230 BC
Iberia	302 BC - 580 AD
Japan	660 BC - present
Kalinga
Kush	1070 BC - 350 AD
Lu	856 - 256 BC
Lycaonia	8th century - 200 BC
Macedonia	8th century - 146 BC
Maya civilization
Meroë
Nanda Empire	424 - 321 BC
Olmec	1400 - 400 BC
Pandya
Paracas culture	600 - 175 BC
Ptolemaic Kingdom	305 - 30 BC
Qi	1046 - 241 BC
Qin	845 - 221 BC
Roman Republic	509 - 27 BC
Saba
Scythia	8th century BC - 2nd century AD
Seleucid Empire	312 - 63 BC
Sparta	11th century - 195 BC
Taranto
Thebes
Văn Lang	2879 - 258 BC
Wei	403 - 225 BC
Xie
Yan	865 - 222 BC
Yue	334 - 334 BC
Zheng	806 - 375 BC
Zhoa	403 - 222 BC
Zhou	1045 - 256 BC

List of sovereign states in the 4th century BC
Preceded by 5th century BC	Sovereign states of the 4th century BC	Succeeded by 3rd century BC

References

↑ Stein, Gil J (2001). Understanding Ancient State Societies in the Old World. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. pp. 353–379.

Lists of sovereign states by year

AD (CE)

Current list of sovereign states

Centuries

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 19th

Years

12th–18th century 1143 1400 1494 1496 1500 1528 1648 1660 1661 1768 1769 1776 1800 19th century 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1970 1971 1972 1973 1980 1981 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Decades

1820s 1830s 1840s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

Ages

Classical Late Antiquity Middle

BC (BCE)

100 BC Centuries 35th BC 21st BC 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC Ages Copper Bronze Iron Classical

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List of sovereign states in the 4th century BC

Sovereign states

See also

References