List of Nepenthes species

Sympatric upper pitchers of N. jamban (left) and N. lingulata (right) in Sumatran upper montane forest

This list of Nepenthes species is a comprehensive listing of all known species of the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes. It includes 169 recognised extant species, 2 incompletely diagnosed taxa, and 3 nothospecies. Three possible extinct species are also covered.

The official IUCN conservation status of each species is taken from the latest edition of the IUCN Red List.^[1] Unofficial assessments based on the IUCN criteria are also included, but are presented in italics. Unless otherwise noted, taxonomic determinations and all other information are sourced from Stewart McPherson's two-volume Pitcher Plants of the Old World, published in 2009.^[2] Where recent literature provides an altitudinal distribution that falls outside the range given in Pitcher Plants of the Old World, the discrepancy is noted.

All major islands within a species's geographic range are included. Smaller surrounding islands are listed separately under "Minor islands", though these lists are not exhaustive. In the case of archipelagos such as the Philippines, the individual islands to which the species is native are shown in brackets.

Authorities are presented in the form of a standard author citation, using abbreviations specified by the International Plant Names Index.^[3] Years given denote the year of the species's formal publication under the current name, thus excluding the earlier basionym date of publication if one exists.

Extant species

Species	Authority	Year	Image	Distribution	Altitudinal distribution	IUCN conservation status
Nepenthes abalata[4]	Jebb & Cheek[4]	2013[4]		Philippines (Culion, Cuyo, Malalison)[4]	0–20 m[4]	Critically Endangered[4]
Nepenthes abgracilis[5]	Jebb & Cheek[5]	2013[5]		Philippines (Mindanao)[5]	670 m[5]	Critically Endangered[5]
Nepenthes adnata	Tamin & M.Hotta ex Schlauer	1994		Sumatra	600–1200 m	Endangered
Nepenthes aenigma[6]	Nuytemans, W.Suarez & Calaramo[6]	2016[6]		Philippines (Luzon)[6]	c. 1200 m[6]	Data Deficient[6]
Nepenthes alata	Blanco	1837		Philippines (Luzon)[7][nb 1]	550–? m[nb 1]	Least Concern
Nepenthes alba	Ridl.	1924		Peninsular Malaysia	1600–2187 m
Nepenthes albomarginata	T.Lobb ex Lindl.	1849		Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra Minor islands: Nias, Penang	0–1100 m[nb 2]	Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes alzapan[9]	Jebb & Cheek[9]	2013[9]		Philippines (Luzon)[9]	1800 m[9]	Data Deficient
Nepenthes ampullaria	Jack	1835		Borneo, Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand Minor islands: Bangka, Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[10] Riau Archipelago), Rupat[11]	0–2100 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes andamana[12]	M.Catal.[12]	2010[12]		Thailand[12]	0–50 m[13]
Nepenthes angasanensis	Maulder, D.Schub., B.R.Salmon & B.Quinn	1999		Sumatra	2200–2800 m	Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes appendiculata[14]	Chi.C.Lee, Bourke, Rembold, W.Taylor & S.T.Yeo[14]	2011[14]		Borneo[14]	1450–1700 m[14]	Data Deficient[14]
Nepenthes argentii	Jebb & Cheek	1997		Philippines (Sibuyan)	1400–1900 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes aristolochioides	Jebb & Cheek	1997		Sumatra	1800–2500 m	Critically Endangered
Nepenthes armin[15]	Jebb & Cheek[15]	2014[15]		Philippines (Sibuyan)[15]	750 m[15]	Critically Endangered[15]
Nepenthes attenboroughii	A.S.Rob., S.McPherson & V.B.Heinrich	2009		Philippines (Palawan)	1450[16]–1726 m	Critically Endangered
Nepenthes barcelonae[17]	Tandang & Cheek[17]	2015[17]		Philippines (Luzon)[17]		Critically Endangered[17]
Nepenthes beccariana	Macfarl.	1908		Nias, Sumatra?[18]	unknown (0–<800 m)[19]	Data Deficient[20]
Nepenthes bellii	K.Kondo	1969		Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao)	0–800 m	Endangered
Nepenthes benstonei	C.Clarke	1999		Peninsular Malaysia	150[21]–1350 m[22]	Data Deficient[18][20]
Nepenthes bicalcarata	Hook.f.	1873		Borneo	0–?950 m[nb 3]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes bokorensis	Mey	2009		Cambodia	800–1080 m	Endangered[23]
Nepenthes bongso	Korth.	1839		Sumatra	1000–2700 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes boschiana	Korth.	1839		Borneo	1200–1800 m[nb 4]	Endangered
Nepenthes burbidgeae	Hook.f. ex Burb.	1882		Borneo	1200–1800 m[nb 5]	Endangered
Nepenthes burkei	Hort.Veitch ex Mast.	1889		Philippines (Mindoro, Panay?)	1100–2000 m	Conservation Dependent[20]
Nepenthes campanulata	Sh.Kurata	1973		Borneo, Philippines (Palawan?[26])	100–300 m[26]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes ceciliae[27]	Gronem., Coritico, Micheler, Marwinski, Acil & V.B.Amoroso[27]	2011[27]		Philippines (Mindanao)[27]	1500–1880 m[27]
Nepenthes chang[28]	M.Catal.[28]	2010[28]		Thailand[28]	300–600 m[28]
Nepenthes chaniana	C.Clarke, Chi.C.Lee & S.McPherson	2006		Borneo	1100–1800 m	Endangered
Nepenthes cid[5]	Jebb & Cheek[5]	2013[5]		Philippines (Mindanao)[5]	770 m[5]	Critically Endangered[5]
Nepenthes clipeata	Danser	1928		Borneo	600–800 m	Critically Endangered
Nepenthes copelandii	Merr. ex Macfarl.	1908		Philippines (Mindanao)	1100–2400 m[16]	Data Deficient[20]
Nepenthes cornuta[29]	Marwinski, Coritico, Wistuba, Micheler, Gronem., Gieray & V.B.Amoroso[29]	2014[29]		Philippines (Mindanao)[29]	~1000 m[29]	Vulnerable[29]
Nepenthes danseri	Jebb & Cheek	1997		Raja Ampat Islands (Waigeo)[30]	0–320 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes deaniana	Macfarl.	1908		Philippines (Palawan)	1180–1296 m	Near Threatened
Nepenthes densiflora	Danser	1940		Sumatra	1700–3200 m	Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes diatas	Jebb & Cheek	1997		Sumatra	2400–2900 m	Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes distillatoria	L.	1753		Sri Lanka	0–700 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes dubia	Danser	1928		Sumatra	1600–2700 m	Critically Endangered
Nepenthes edwardsiana	H.Low ex Hook.f.	1859		Borneo	1600–2700 m[nb 6]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes ephippiata	Danser	1928		Borneo	1300–2000 m[nb 7]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes epiphytica[32]	A.S.Rob., Nerz & Wistuba[32]	2011[32]		Borneo[32]	~1000 m[32]
Nepenthes eustachya	Miq.	1858		Sumatra	0–1600	Least Concern
Nepenthes extincta[33]	Jebb & Cheek[33]	2013[33]		Philippines (Mindanao)[33]	c. 400 m[33]	Critically Endangered[33]
Nepenthes eymae	Sh.Kurata	1984		Sulawesi	1000–2000 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes faizaliana	J.H.Adam & Wilcock	1991		Borneo	400–1600 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes flava	Wistuba, Nerz & A.Fleischm.	2007		Sumatra	1800–2200 m
Nepenthes fusca	Danser	1928		Borneo	300[34]–2500 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes gantungensis[35]	S.McPherson, Cervancia, Chi.C.Lee, Jaunzems, Mey & A.S.Rob.[35]	2010[35]		Philippines (Palawan)[35]	1600–1784 m[35]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes glabrata	J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton	1984		Sulawesi	1600–2100 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes glandulifera	Chi.C.Lee	2004		Borneo	1100–1700 m
Nepenthes graciliflora[7]	Elmer[7]	1912[7]		Philippines (Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, Sibuyan)[7]	300–1280 m[7]
Nepenthes gracilis	Korth.	1839		Borneo, Cambodia,[36] Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand Minor islands: Bangka, Batu Islands, Belitung,[37] Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Labuan,[38] Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Musala, Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[10] Riau Archipelago), Rupat[11]	0–1100 m[nb 8]	Least Concern
Nepenthes gracillima	Ridl.	1908		Peninsular Malaysia	1400–2000 m[21]	Endangered
Nepenthes gymnamphora	Reinw. ex Nees	1824		Java, Sumatra	600–2800 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes halmahera[30]	Cheek[30]	2015[30]		Maluku Islands (Halmahera)[30]	10–760 m[30]	Critically Endangered[30]
Nepenthes hamata	J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton	1984		Sulawesi	1400–2500 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes hamiguitanensis[39]	Gronem., Wistuba, V.B.Heinrich, S.McPherson, Mey & V.B.Amoroso[39]	2010[39]		Philippines (Mindanao)[39]	1200–1600 m[39]	Vulnerable[39]
Nepenthes hemsleyana[40]	Macfarl.[40]	1908[40]		Borneo[40]	0–200 m[41]	Conservation Dependent[42]
Nepenthes hirsuta	Hook.f.	1873		Borneo	200–1100 m[nb 9]	Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes hispida	Beck	1895		Borneo	100–800 m	Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes holdenii[44]	Mey[44]	2010[44]		Cambodia[44]	600–800 m[44]	Near Threatened[44]
Nepenthes hurrelliana	Cheek & A.L.Lamb	2003		Borneo	1300[34]–2400 m
Nepenthes inermis	Danser	1928		Sumatra	1500–2600 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes insignis	Danser	1928		New Guinea, Schouten Islands (Biak)	0–850 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes izumiae	Troy Davis, C.Clarke & Tamin	2003		Sumatra	1700–1900 m	Data Deficient[45]
Nepenthes jacquelineae	C.Clarke, Troy Davis & Tamin	2001		Sumatra	1700–2200 m	Data Deficient[18][20] / Conservation Dependent[45]
Nepenthes jamban	Chi.C.Lee, Hernawati & Akhriadi	2006		Sumatra	1800–2100 m
Nepenthes junghuhnii	sensu Macfarl. in sched. nom.nud.	1917		Sumatra	1220 m	Data Deficient[20]
Nepenthes justinae[6]	Gronem., Wistuba, Mey & V.B.Amoroso[6]	2016[6]		Philippines (Mindanao)[6]	1000–1620 m[6]	Vulnerable[6]
Nepenthes kampotiana	Lecomte	1909		Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam[46]	0–600 m[21]
Nepenthes kerrii[47]	M.Catal. & Kruetr.[47]	2010[47]		Thailand Minor islands: Langkawi?[48]	400–500 m
Nepenthes khasiana	Hook.f.	1873		India	500–1500 m	Endangered
Nepenthes kitanglad[33]	Jebb & Cheek[33]	2013[33]		Philippines (Mindanao)[33]	1800–2100 m[33]	Critically Endangered[33]
Nepenthes klossii	Ridl.	1916		New Guinea	930[49]–2000 m	Endangered
Nepenthes kongkandana	M.Catal. & Kruetr.[50]	2015[50]		Thailand	0–50 m
Nepenthes lamii	Jebb & Cheek	1997		New Guinea	3200–3520 m[51]	Least Concern
Nepenthes lavicola	Wistuba & Rischer	1996		Sumatra	2000–2600 m	Critically Endangered
Nepenthes leonardoi[52]	S.McPherson, Bourke, Cervancia, Jaunzems & A.S.Rob.[52]	2011[52]		Philippines (Palawan)[52]	1300–1490 m[52]	Least Concern
Nepenthes leyte[33]	Jebb & Cheek[33]	2013[33]		Philippines (Leyte)[33]	900 m[33]	Critically Endangered[33]
Nepenthes lingulata	Chi.C.Lee, Hernawati & Akhriadi	2006		Sumatra	1700–2100 m
Nepenthes longifolia	Nerz & Wistuba	1994		Sumatra	300–1100 m	Vulnerable[18][20] / Critically Endangered[45]
Nepenthes lowii	Hook.f.	1859		Borneo	1650–2600 m[nb 10]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes macfarlanei	Hemsl.	1905		Peninsular Malaysia	900–2150 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes macrophylla	(Marabini) Jebb & Cheek	1997		Borneo	2200–2642 m[nb 11]	Critically Endangered
Nepenthes macrovulgaris	J.R.Turnbull & A.T.Middleton	1988		Borneo	300–1200 m[nb 12]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes madagascariensis	Poir.	1797		Madagascar	0–500 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes mantalingajanensis	Nerz & Wistuba	2007		Philippines (Palawan)	1700–2085 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes mapuluensis	J.H.Adam & Wilcock	1990		Borneo	700–800 m	Near Threatened
Nepenthes maryae[55]	Jebb & Cheek[55]	2016[55]		Sulawesi[55]	2100 m[55]	Vulnerable[55]
Nepenthes masoalensis	Schmid-Hollinger	1977		Madagascar	0–400 m	Endangered
Nepenthes maxima	Reinw. ex Nees	1824		D'Entrecasteaux Islands,[56] Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Sulawesi Minor islands: Wowoni?[57]	40[58]–2600 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes merrilliana	Macfarl.	1911		Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao, Samar[59])	0–1100 m[16]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes micramphora	V.B.Heinrich, S.McPherson, Gronem. & V.B.Amoroso	2009		Philippines (Mindanao)	1100–1635 m
Nepenthes mikei	B.R.Salmon & Maulder	1995		Sumatra	1100–2800 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes mindanaoensis	Sh.Kurata	2001		Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao)	0–1400 m	Endangered[20]
Nepenthes minima[60]	Jebb & Cheek[60]	2016[60]		Sulawesi[60]	1000–1700 m[60]	Vulnerable[60]
Nepenthes mira	Jebb & Cheek	1998		Philippines (Palawan)	1550–1605 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes mirabilis	(Lour.) Rafarin[61]	1869[61]		Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, Caroline Islands (Palau, Yap), China (Guangdong Province, Hainan,[62] Hong Kong, Macau), D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Java, Laos, Louisiade Archipelago, Maluku Islands, Myanmar, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines (Dinagat, Mindanao), Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam Minor islands: Babi, Bangka, Banyak Islands, Batu Islands, Bengkalis, Enggano, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (North Pagai, Siberut, Sipura, South Pagai), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Riau Archipelago), Rupat,[11] Tawi-Tawi,[33] Wowoni?[57]	0–1500 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes mollis	Danser	1928		Borneo	~1800 m	Data Deficient
Nepenthes monticola[51]	A.S.Rob., Wistuba, Nerz, M.Mansur & S.McPherson[51]	2011[51]		New Guinea[51]	1400–2620 m[51]	Least Concern
Nepenthes muluensis	M.Hotta	1966		Borneo	1700–2400 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes murudensis	Culham ex Jebb & Cheek	1997		Borneo	2000–2423 m	Endangered
Nepenthes naga	Akhriadi, Hernawati, Primaldhi & M.Hambali	2009		Sumatra	1500–2000 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes nebularum[63]	G.Mansell & W.Suarez[63]	2016[63]		Philippines (Mindanao)[63]	≤1800 m[63]	Data Deficient[63]
Nepenthes negros[7]	Jebb & Cheek[7]	2013[7]		Philippines (Biliran, Negros)[7]		Critically Endangered[7]
Nepenthes neoguineensis	Macfarl.	1911		D'Entrecasteaux Islands, New Guinea, Raja Ampat Islands (Misool?[49])	0–1400 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes nigra[64]	Nerz, Wistuba, Chi.C.Lee, Bourke, U.Zimm. & S.McPherson[64]	2011[64]		Sulawesi[64]	1500–2700 m[64]	Least Concern
Nepenthes northiana	Hook.f.	1881		Borneo	0–500 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes ovata	Nerz & Wistuba	1994		Sumatra	1700–2100 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes palawanensis[65]	S.McPherson, Cervancia, Chi.C.Lee, Jaunzems, Mey & A.S.Rob.[65]	2010[65]		Philippines (Palawan)[65]	1100–1236 m[65]	Endangered
Nepenthes paniculata	Danser	1928		New Guinea	~1460 m	Endangered
Nepenthes pantaronensis[29]	Gieray, Gronem., Wistuba, Marwinski, Micheler, Coritico & V.B.Amoroso[29]	2014[29]		Philippines (Mindanao)[29]	"intermediate altitudes"[29]	Near Threatened[29]
Nepenthes papuana	Danser	1928		New Guinea	0–1300 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes parvula[66]	Gary W.Wilson & S.Venter[66]	2016		Australia[66]
Nepenthes peltata	Sh.Kurata	2008		Philippines (Mindanao)	865–1635 m
Nepenthes pervillei	Blume	1852		Seychelles	350–750 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes petiolata	Danser	1928		Philippines (Mindanao)	1450–1900 m	Data Deficient[20]
Nepenthes philippinensis	Macfarl.	1908		Philippines (Busuanga, Coron, Culion, Linapacan, Palawan)[16][67]	0–600 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes pilosa	Danser	1928		Borneo	~1600 m	Data Deficient
Nepenthes pitopangii	Chi.C.Lee, S.McPherson, Bourke & M.Mansur[68]	2009[68]		Sulawesi	1400–1800 m[48]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes platychila	Chi.C.Lee	2002		Borneo	900–1400 m
Nepenthes pulchra[69]	Gronem., S.McPherson, Coritico, Micheler, Marwinski & V.B.Amoroso[69]	2011[69]		Philippines (Mindanao)[69]	1300–1800 m[69]
Nepenthes rafflesiana	Jack	1835		Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra Minor islands: Bangka, Labuan,[38] Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,[10] Riau Archipelago)[11]	0–1200 m[nb 13]	Least Concern
Nepenthes rajah	Hook.f.	1859		Borneo	1500–2650 m	Endangered
Nepenthes ramispina	Ridl.	1909		Peninsular Malaysia	900–2000 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes ramos[70]	Jebb & Cheek[70]	2013[70]		Philippines (Mindanao)[70] Minor islands: Camiguin, other neighbouring islands[6]	at least 670–1400 m[nb 14]	Critically Endangered[70] / Near Threatened[6]
Nepenthes reinwardtiana	Miq.	1852		Borneo, Sumatra Minor islands: Bangka, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Nias, Riau Islands (Natuna Islands[10])[11]	0–2200 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes rhombicaulis	Sh.Kurata	1973		Sumatra	1600–2000 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes rigidifolia	Akhriadi, Hernawati & Tamin	2004		Sumatra	1000–1600 m	Critically Endangered
Nepenthes robcantleyi	Cheek[71]	2011[71]		Philippines (Mindanao)[71]	~1800 m[71]	Critically Endangered[71]
Nepenthes rosea[72]	M.Catal. & Kruetr.[72]	2014[72]		Thailand[72]	450–520 m[72]
Nepenthes rowaniae	F.M.Bailey	1897		Australia	0–80 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes samar[73]	Jebb & Cheek[73]	2013[73]		Philippines (Samar)[73]	"low elevation"[73]	Critically Endangered[73]
Nepenthes sanguinea	Lindl.	1849		Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand	300–1800 m	Conservation Dependent
Nepenthes saranganiensis	Sh.Kurata	2003		Philippines (Mindanao)	1800–2100 m
Nepenthes sibuyanensis	Nerz	1998		Philippines (Sibuyan)	1250–1500 m[nb 15]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes singalana	Becc.	1886		Sumatra	2000–2900 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes smilesii	Hemsl.	1895		Cambodia,[76] Laos, Thailand, Vietnam[77]	0[76]–1500 m
Nepenthes spathulata	Danser	1935		Java, Sumatra	1100–2900 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes spectabilis	Danser	1928		Sumatra	1400–2200 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes stenophylla	Mast.	1890		Borneo	800–2600 m[nb 16]	Least Concern
Nepenthes sumagaya[78]	Cheek[78]	2014[78]		Philippines (Mindanao)[29]	1600–2247 m[29]	Endangered[29]
Nepenthes sumatrana	(Miq.) Beck	1895		Sumatra	0–800 m	Critically Endangered
Nepenthes suratensis[79]	M.Catal.[79]	2010[79]		Thailand[79]	0–200 m[48]	Critically Endangered
Nepenthes surigaoensis	Elmer	1915		Philippines (Mindanao)	800–1200 m[nb 17]
Nepenthes talaandig[29]	Gronem., Coritico, Wistuba, Micheler, Marwinski, Gieray & V.B.Amoroso[29]	2014[29]		Philippines (Mindanao)[29]	~1000 m[29]	Vulnerable[29]
Nepenthes talangensis	Nerz & Wistuba	1994		Sumatra	1800–2500 m	Endangered
Nepenthes tboli[15]	Jebb & Cheek[15]	2014[15]		Philippines (Mindanao)[15]	1463 m[15]	Critically Endangered[15]
Nepenthes tenax	C.Clarke & R.Kruger	2006		Australia	0–80 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes tentaculata	Hook.f.	1873		Borneo, Sulawesi	400–2550 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes tenuis	Nerz & Wistuba	1994		Sumatra	1000–1200 m	Endangered
Nepenthes thai[23]	Cheek[23]	2009[23]		Thailand[23]	500–600 m[23]	Endangered[23]
Nepenthes thorelii	Lecomte	1909		Vietnam	10–20 m[81]	Data Deficient
Nepenthes tobaica	Danser	1928		Sumatra	380–1800 m[nb 18]	Least Concern
Nepenthes tomoriana	Danser	1928		Sulawesi	0–500 m	Vulnerable
Nepenthes treubiana	Warb.	1891		New Guinea, Raja Ampat Islands (Misool?)	0–80 m[nb 19]	Least Concern
Nepenthes truncata	Macfarl.	1911		Philippines (Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao)[16]	0–1500 m	Endangered
Nepenthes ultra[82]	Jebb & Cheek[82]	2013[82]		Philippines (Luzon)[82]	1.5–40(–400?) m[82][nb 20]	Endangered[82]
Nepenthes undulatifolia[83]	Nerz, Wistuba, U.Zimm., Chi.C.Lee, Pirade & Pitopang[83]	2011[83]		Sulawesi[83]	~1800 m[83]	Data Deficient[83]
Nepenthes veitchii	Hook.f.	1859		Borneo	0–1600 m	Near Threatened
Nepenthes ventricosa	Blanco	1837		Philippines (Luzon, Panay, Sibuyan)[16]	1000–2000 m	Near Threatened
Nepenthes vieillardii	Hook.f.	1873		New Caledonia	0–850 m	Least Concern
Nepenthes villosa	Hook.f.	1852		Borneo	1600–3240 m[nb 21]	Vulnerable
Nepenthes viridis[84]	Micheler, Gronem., Wistuba, Marwinski, W.Suarez & V.B.Amoroso[84]	2013[84]		Philippines (Dinagat, Samar)[84] Minor islands: numerous unspecified islets off Dinagat[84]
Nepenthes vogelii	Schuit. & de Vogel	2002		Borneo	1000–1500 m
Nepenthes weda[30]	Cheek[30]	2015[30]		Maluku Islands (Halmahera)[30]	415–1014 m[30]	Critically Endangered[30]
Nepenthes zygon[15]	Jebb & Cheek[15]	2014[15]		Philippines (Mindanao)[15]	1500–1875 m[15]	Critically Endangered[15]

Incompletely diagnosed taxa

The following undescribed taxa are taken from Pitcher Plants of the Old World and its supplementary volume, New Nepenthes, published in 2011.^[48]

Taxon	Image	Distribution	Altitudinal distribution
Nepenthes sp. Anipahan[85]		Philippines (Palawan)[85]	1200–1400 m[85]
Nepenthes sp. Misool		Raja Ampat Islands (Misool)	0–30 m

Nothospecies

Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek recognised the following three nothospecies in their monographs on the genus ("A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)" (1997) and "Nepenthaceae" (2001)). In the recent literature, these taxa have generally been treated as natural hybrids rather than as species.^{[2][18][24][25]} Of the three, N. × kinabaluensis has the strongest claim to species status, as it grows in two large, self-sustaining populations independent of its putative parent species.^[24][86] These populations are reportedly true breeding.^[24] Jumaat Haji Adam and C. C. Wilcock advocated the recognition of N. × kinabaluensis as a species in a 1998 article.^[87]

Nothospecies	Parent species	Authority	Year	Image	Distribution	Altitudinal distribution	IUCN conservation status
Nepenthes × hookeriana	N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana	Hort.Veitch ex Mast.	1881		Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra[34]	0–450 m[8]	Least Concern[20]
Nepenthes × kinabaluensis	N. rajah × N. villosa	Sh.Kurata ex Sh.Kurata	1984		Borneo[34]	2420–3030 m[34]	Endangered[20]
Nepenthes × trichocarpa	N. ampullaria × N. gracilis	Miq.	1858		Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra,[34] Thailand[77]	0–800 m[24]	Least Concern[20]

Extinct species

Fossil pollen of various provenance, much of it originally described under the form taxon Droseridites, has been tentatively assigned to Nepenthes by several authors.^[88][89][90] The following three species were transferred to the genus Nepenthes by Wilfried Krutzsch in 1985.^[88]

Species	Authority	Year	Location	Age
Nepenthes echinatus	(Hunger) Krutzsch	1985	Europe	Palaeocene
Nepenthes echinosporus	(R.Potonié) Krutzsch	1985	Europe	Palaeocene
Nepenthes major	(Krutzsch) Krutzsch	1985	Europe	Palaeocene

Some authors consider Droseridites major and D. parvus as synonyms of Nepenthidites laitryngewensis.^[91][92]

Pollen from the Kerguelen Islands originally described as D. spinosus has also been interpreted as belonging to Nepenthes.^[93]

See also

• List of Nepenthes species by distribution
• List of Nepenthes natural hybrids

Notes

1. Under the narrow circumscription of Cheek & Jebb (2013), N. alata is restricted to northern Luzon, with the more southerly plants previously referred to this species actually representing N. graciliflora, N. negros, and N. ramos.^[7] This N. alata sensu stricto has an altitudinal distribution of 550 m and above.^[7]
2. Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1200 m for N. albomarginata.^[8]
3. Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) cite a record of N. bicalcarata from Mount Periok in Brunei at c. 1600 m.^[8]
4. Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a range of 780–1880 m for N. boschiana,^[24] while Clarke (1997) gives a range of 900–1880 m.^[25]
5. Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 2250 m for N. burbidgeae,^[24] while Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 1100–2300 m.^[8]
6. Cheek & Jebb (2001), Clarke (1997) and Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1500 m for N. edwardsiana.^[8][24][25]
7. Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1000 m for N. ephippiata.^[24] The species has reportedly been collected from Bukit Raya at 2000–2270 m.^[8][31]
8. Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1700 m for N. gracilis.^[8]
9. Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 150–1500 m for N. hirsuta,^[8] while Mansur & Brearley (2008) report finding it at elevations as low as 160 m.^[43]
10. Cheek & Jebb (2001) give a lower altitudinal limit of 1600 m for N. lowii,^[24] while Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a range of 900–3400 m.^[8]
11. The lower altitudinal limit of 2000 m given for N. macrophylla in some older sources^[53] is apparently incorrect.^[2][54]
12. Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give a lower altitudinal limit of 250 m for N. macrovulgaris.^[8]
13. Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 1500 m for N. rafflesiana.^[8]
14. The paratype of N. ramos was collected at 670 m^[70] and N. kurata (which has been synonymised with N. ramos^[6]) has been recorded at c. 1400 m.^[33]
15. Rybka, Rybková & Cantley (2005) give a range of 1200–1800 m for N. sibuyanensis,^[74] while the authors of the describing paper give a range of 1500–1800 m.^[75]
16. Mansur & Brearley (2008) report finding N. stenophylla at 400 m.^[43]
17. Nepenthes surigaoensis may grow as high as 1750 m ("5750 feet" in the original) according to the describing author, Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer.^[80]
18. Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 2750 m for N. tobaica.^[24]
19. Cheek & Jebb (2001) give an upper altitudinal limit of 500 m for N. treubiana.^[24]
20. The upper altitudinal limit of 400 m is uncertain as it is based on the figure given on Google Earth for an "inexact grid-reference" associated with a herbarium specimen.^[82]
21. Nepenthes villosa generally grows at elevations of 2300–3240 m, but is more common at 1600–1900 m on Mount Tambuyukon.^[2] Adam, Wilcock & Swaine (1992) give an upper altitudinal limit of 3400 m for this species.^[8]

References

1. IUCN 2009. Nepenthes. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. IUCN.
2. McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
3. Author Query. International Plant Names Index.
4. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(2): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00012.x
5. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. The Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae) group, with two new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 151(1): 25–34. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.151.1.2
6. Gronemeyer, T., W. Suarez, H. Nuytemans, M. Calaramo, A. Wistuba, F.S. Mey & V.B. Amoroso 2016. Two new Nepenthes species from the Philippines and an emended description of Nepenthes ramos. Plants 5(2): 23. doi:10.3390/plants5020023
7. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
8. Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
9. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes alzapan (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Phytotaxa 100(1): 57–60. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.100.1.6
10. (Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract
11. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
12. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes andamana M. Catal. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 34.
13. McPherson, S.R. 2010. Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
14. Lee, C.C., G. Bourke, W. Taylor, S.T. Yeo & K. Rembold 2011. Nepenthes appendiculata, a new pitcher plant from Sarawak. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 24–35.
15. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2014. Expansion of the Nepenthes alata group (Nepenthaceae), Philippines, and descriptions of three new species. Blumea 59: 144–154. doi:10.3767/000651914X685861
16. McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
17. Cheek, M., D.N. Tandang & P.B. Pelser 2015. Nepenthes barcelonae (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Phytotaxa 222(2): 145–150. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.222.2.7
18. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
19. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
20. von Arx, B., J. Schlauer & M. Groves 2001. CITES Carnivorous Plant Checklist. The Cromwell Press, United Kingdom.
21. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
22. Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
23. Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2009. Nepenthes group Montanae (Nepenthaceae) in Indo-China, with N. thai and N. bokor described as new. Kew Bulletin 64(2): 319–325. doi:10.1007/s12225-009-9117-3
24. Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
25. Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
26. Clarke, C., C.C. Lee & V. Enar 2014. Observations of the natural history and ecology of Nepenthes campanulata. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 43(1): 7–13.
27. Gronemeyer, T., F. Coritico, M. Micheler, D. Marwinski, R. Acil & V. Amoroso 2011. Nepenthes ceciliae, a new pitcher plant species from Mount Kiamo, Mindanao. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 412–423.
28. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes chang M. Catal. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 38.
29. Gronemeyer, T., F. Coritico, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, T. Gieray, M. Micheler, F.S. Mey & V. Amoroso 2014. Four new species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) from the central mountains of Mindanao, Philippines. Plants 3(2): 284–303. doi:10.3390/plants3020284
30. Cheek, M. 2015. Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) of Halmahera, Indonesia. Blumea 59: 215–225. doi:10.3767/000651915X689091
31. Nooteboom, H.P. (ed.) 1987. Report of the 1982–1983 Bukit Raya Expedition. Rijksherbarium, Leiden.
32. Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.
33. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.69
34. Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
35. McPherson, S., J. Cervancia, C. Lee, M. Jaunzems, A. Fleischmann, F. Mey, E. Gironella & A. Robinson 2010. Nepenthes gantungensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mount Gantung, Palawan, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1286–1295.
36. Mey, F.S. 2016. The beautiful Nepenthes kampotiana x bokorensis. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, 5 October 2016.
37. (Indonesian) Hidayat, S., J. Hidayat, Hamzah, E. Suhandi, Tatang & Ajidin 2003. Analisis vegetasi dua jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga di Padang Pinang Anyang, Pulau Belitung. [Vegetation analysis of two insectivorous plants in Padang Pinang Anyang, Belitung Island.] Biodiversitas 4(2): 93–96.
38. Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
39. Gronemeyer, T., A. Wistuba, V. Heinrich, S. McPherson, F. Mey & A. Amoroso 2010. Nepenthes hamiguitanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Mindanao Island, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1296–1305.
40. Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465
41. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
42. Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233. doi:10.3767/000651911X607121
43. Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276.
44. Mey, F.S., M. Catalano, C. Clarke, A. Robinson, A. Fleischmann & S. McPherson 2010. Nepenthes holdenii (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pyrophytic pitcher plant from the Cardamom Mountains of Cambodia. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1306–1331.
45. Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
46. Nunn, R. & C.N.A. Vu 2016. An account of the Nepenthes species of Vietnam. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 45(3): 93–101.
47. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes kerrii M. Catal. et T. Kruetr. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 32.
48. McPherson, S.R. 2011. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
49. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
50. (Italian) Catalano, M. 2015. Nepenthes kongkandana, da ufficiosa ad ufficiale. AIPC Magazine 37: 4–11.
51. Robinson, A., J. Nerz, A. Wistuba, M. Mansur & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes lamii Jebb & Cheek, an emended description resulting from the separation of a two-species complex, and the introduction of Nepenthes monticola, a new species of highland pitcher plant from New Guinea. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 522–555.
52. McPherson, S., G. Bourke, J. Cervancia, M. Jaunzems, E. Gironella, A. Robinson & A. Fleischmann 2011. Nepenthes leonardoi (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Palawan, Philippines. Carniflora Australis 8(1): 4–19.
53. Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
54. Bourke, G. 2007. Exploring the upper reaches of Gunung Trus Madi. Carniflora Australis (9): 9–16.
55. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2016. A new section in Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) and a new species from Sulawesi. Blumea 61: 59–62. doi:10.3767/000651916X691510
56. Jebb, M.H.P. 1991. An account of Nepenthes in New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 17(1): 7–54.
57. (Indonesian) Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat & Rugayah 2008. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara. [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] Biodiversitas 9(3): 194–198.
58. Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes maxima. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. IUCN.
59. Robinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012.
60. Cheek, M. & M.H.P. Jebb (2016). Nepenthes minima (Nepenthaceae), a new pyrophytic grassland species from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blumea 61: 181–185. doi:10.3767/000651916X693509
61. Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes mirabilis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
62. Nepenthes mirabilis. Flora of China.
63. Mansell, G. & W. Suarez (2016). Nepenthes nebularum, a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 45(4): 132–139.
64. Nerz, J., A. Wistuba, C.C. Lee, G. Bourke, U. Zimmermann & S. McPherson 2011. Nepenthes nigra, a new pitcher plant from Central Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 468–491.
65. McPherson, S., J. Cervancia, C. Lee, M. Jaunzems, A. Fleischmann, F. Mey, E. Gironella & A. Robinson 2010. Nepenthes palawanensis (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant species from Sultan Peak, Palawan Island, Philippines. In: S.R. McPherson Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 2. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 1332–1339.
66. Wilson, G.W. & S. Venter (2016). Nepenthes parvula (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Cape York, Queensland, Australia. Phytotaxa 277(2): 199–204. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.277.2.7
67. McPherson, S.R. 2011. Observations of Nepenthes philippinensis and related taxa. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 382–395.
68. Lee, C.C., S. McPherson, G. Bourke & M. Mansur 2009. Nepenthes pitopangii (Nepenthaceae), a new species from central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 61(1): 95–100.
69. Gronemeyer, T., S. McPherson, F. Coritico, M. Micheler, D. Marwinski & V. Amoroso 2011. Nepenthes pulchra, a new pitcher plant species from Mount Kiamo, Mindanao. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 424–439.
70. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. doi:10.3372/wi.43.43112
71. Cheek, M. 2011. Nepenthes robcantleyi sp. nov. (Nepenthaceae) from Mindanao, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 29(6): 677–681. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.01449.x
72. (Italian) Catalano, M. 2014. Nepenthes rosea, una nuova specie dalla Thailandia peninsulare. AIPC Magazine 36: 24–31.
73. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes samar (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Samar, Philippines. Blumea 58(1): 82–84. doi:10.3767/000651913X673513
74. Rybka, V., R. Rybková & R. Cantley 2005. Nepenthes argentii on Sibuyan Island. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 34(2): 47–50.
75. Nerz, J., P. Mann, T. Alt & T. Smith 1998. Nepenthes sibuyanensis, a new Nepenthes from Sibuyan, a remote island of the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 18–23.
76. Mey, F.S. 2010. Introduction to the pitcher plants (Nepenthes) of Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010(2): 106–117.
77. (Italian) Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague.
78. Cheek, M. 2014. Nomen novum Nepenthes. Planta Carnivora 36(2): 44–45.
79. Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes suratensis M. Catal. sp. nov. In: Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. p. 36.
80. Elmer, A.D.E. 1915. Nepenthaceae. [pp. 2785–2787] In: Two hundred twenty six new species—II. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 8: 2719–2883.
81. Mey, F.S., L.H. Truong, D.V. Dai & A.S. Robinson 2011. Nepenthes thorelii, an emended description and novel ecological data resulting from its rediscovery in Tay Ninh, Vietnam. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 104–131.
82. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Blumea, published online on October 24, 2013. doi:10.3767/000651913X675124
83. Lee, C.C., A. Wistuba, J. Nerz, U. Zimmermann, A.P. Paserang & R. Pitopang 2011. Nepenthes undulatifolia, a new pitcher plant from South East Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 492–505.
84. (German) Micheler, M., T. Gronemeyer, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, W. Suarez & V. Amoroso 2013. Nepenthes viridis, eine neue Nepenthes-Art von der Insel Dinagat, Philippinen. Das Taublatt 76: 4–21.
85. McPherson, S.R. 2011. The discovery of Nepenthes sp. 'Anipahan'. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 330–345.
86. Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
87. Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1998 ['1996']. Pitcher plants of Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah. The Sarawak Museum Journal 50(71): 145–171.
88. Krutzsch, W. 1985. Über Nepenthes-Pollen im europäischen Tertiär. Gleditschia 13: 89–93.
89. Krutzsch, W. 1989. Paleogeography and historical phytogeography (paleochorology) in the Neophyticum. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162(1–4): 5–61. doi:10.1007/BF00936909
90. Anderson, J.A.R. & J. Muller 1975. Palynological study of a Holocene peat and a Miocene coal deposit from NW Borneo. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 19(4): 291–351.
91. Kumar, M. 1995. Pollen tetrads from Palaeocene sediments of Meghalaya, India: comments on their morphology, botanical affinity and geological records. Palaeobotanist 43(1): 68–81.
92. Saxena, R.K. & G.K. Trivedi 2006. A Catalogue of Tertiary Spores and Pollen from India. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow.
93. Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology (Stuttgart) 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897