Retinoid receptor

Retinoid receptors are nuclear receptors (a class of proteins) that bind to retinoids. When bound to a retinoid, they act as transcription factors, altering the expression of genes with corresponding response elements. Significant age-related declines in the levels of retinoid receptors in the forebrains of rats have been reversed by supplementation with the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which can restore neurogenesis.^[1]

Subtypes include:

References

↑ Dyall SC, Michael GJ, Michael-Titus AT (2010). "Omega-3 fatty acids reverse age-related decreases in nuclear receptors and increase neurogenesis in old rats". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 88 (10): 2091–2102. doi:10.1002/jnr.22390. PMID 20336774.

Transcription factors and intracellular receptors

(1) Basic domains

(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)	Activating transcription factor AATF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AP-1 c-Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c-Jun JUNB JunD BACH 1 2 BATF BLZF1 C/EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB 1 3 L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA HLF MAF B F G K NFE 2 L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF 1 2 3 XBP1

(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)	ATOH1 AhR AHRR ARNT ASCL1 BHLH 2 3 9 ARNTL ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK EPAS1 FIGLA HAND 1 2 HES 5 6 HEY 1 2 L HES1 HIF 1A 3A ID 1 2 3 4 LYL1 MESP2 MXD4 MYCL1 MYCN Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 Neurogenins 1 2 3 NeuroD 1 2 NPAS 1 2 3 OLIG 1 2 Pho4 Scleraxis SIM 1 2 TAL 1 2 Twist USF1

(1.3) bHLH-ZIP	AP-4 MAX MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MXI1 Myc SREBP 1 2

(1.4) NF-1	NFI A B C X SMAD R-SMAD 1 2 3 5 9 I-SMAD 6 7 4)

(1.5) RF-X	RFX 1 2 3 4 5 6 ANK

(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)	AP-2 α β γ δ ε

(2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains

(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys₄)

subfamily 1	Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β/δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev-ErbA α β VDR

subfamily 2	COUP-TF (I II Ear-2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor 2 4 TLX

subfamily 3	Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ

subfamily 4	NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1

subfamily 5	LRH-1 SF1

subfamily 6	GCNF

subfamily 0	DAX1 SHP

(2.2) Other Cys₄

GATA
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
MTA
- 1
- 2
- 3
TRPS1

(2.3) Cys₂His₂

General transcription factors
- TFIIA
- TFIIB
- TFIID
- TFIIE
  - 1
  - 2
- TFIIF
- 1
- 2
  - TFIIH
  - 1
  - 2
  - 4
  - 2I
  - 3A
  - 3C1
  - 3C2

ATBF1
BCL
- 6
- 11A
- 11B
CTCF
E4F1
EGR
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
ERV3
GFI1
GLI-Krüppel family
- 1
- 2
- 3
- REST
- S1
- S2
- YY1
HIC
- 1
- 2
HIVEP
- 1
- 2
- 3
IKZF
- 1
- 2
- 3
ILF
- 2
- 3
KLF
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 17
MTF1
MYT1
OSR1
PRDM9
SALL
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
SP
- 1
- 2
- 4
- 7
- 8
TSHZ3
WT1
Zbtb7
- 7A
- 7B
ZBTB
- 11
- 16
- 17
- 20
- 32
- 33
- 40
zinc finger
- 3
- 7
- 9
- 10
- 19
- 22
- 24
- 33B
- 34
- 35
- 41
- 43
- 44
- 51
- 74
- 143
- 146
- 148
- 165
- 202
- 217
- 219
- 238
- 239
- 259
- 267
- 268
- 281
- 295
- 300
- 318
- 330
- 346
- 350
- 365
- 366
- 384
- 423
- 451
- 452
- 471
- 593
- 638
- 644
- 649
- 655

(2.4) Cys₆

HIVEP1

(2.5) Alternating composition

AIRE
DIDO1
GRLF1
ING
- 1
- 2
- 4
JARID
- 1A
- 1B
- 1C
- 1D
- 2
JMJD1B

(2.6) WRKY

WRKY

(3) Helix-turn-helix domains

(3.1) Homeodomain	ARX CDX 1 2 CRX CUTL1 DBX 1 2 DLX 3 4 5 EMX 1 2 EN 1 2 FHL 1 2 3 HESX1 HHEX HLX Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 HOPX IRX 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKX LMX 1A 1B MEIS 1 2 MEOX2 MNX1 MSX 1 2 NANOG NKX 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-5 3-1 3-2 6-1 6-2 NOBOX PBX 1 2 3 PHF 1 3 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A PHOX 2A 2B PITX 1 2 3 POU domain PIT-1 BRN-3: A B C Octamer transcription factor: 1 2 3/4 6 7 11 OTX 1 2 PDX1 SATB2 SHOX2 SIX 1 2 3 4 5 VAX1 ZEB 1 2

(3.2) Paired box	PAX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX 1 2 RAX

(3.3) Fork head / winged helix	E2F 1 2 3 4 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 D3 D4 E1 E3 F1 G1 H1 I1 J1 J2 K1 K2 L2 M1 N1 N3 O1 O3 O4 P1 P2 P3 P4

(3.4) Heat shock factors	HSF 1 2 4

(3.5) Tryptophan clusters	ELF 2 4 5 EGF ELK 1 3 4 ERF ETS 1 2 ERG SPIB ETV 1 4 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2

(3.6) TEA domain	transcriptional enhancer factor 1 2 3 4

(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts

(4.1) Rel homology region	NF-κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5

(4.2) STAT	STAT 1 2 3 4 5 6

(4.3) p53	p53 TBX 1 2 3 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF TP63

(4.4) MADS box	Mef2 A B C D SRF

(4.6) TATA-binding proteins	TBP TBPL1

(4.7) High-mobility group	BBX HMGB 1 2 3 4 HMGN 1 2 3 4 HNF 1A 1B LEF1 SOX 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF 3 4 TOX 1 2 3 4

(4.9) Grainyhead	TFCP2

(4.10) Cold-shock domain	CSDA YBX1

(4.11) Runt	CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1

(0) Other transcription factors

(0.2) HMGI(Y)	HMGA 1 2 HBP1

(0.3) Pocket domain	Rb RBL1 RBL2

(0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors	Apetala 2 EREBP B3

(0.6) Miscellaneous	ARID 1A 1B 2 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL 2 3 T1 MNDA NFY A B C Rho/Sigma

see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies

Nuclear receptor modulators

CAR

Agonists	6,7-Dimethylesculetin Amiodarone Artemisinin Benfuracarb Carbamazepine Carvedilol Chlorpromazine Chrysin CITCO Clotrimazole Cyclophosphamide Cypermethrin DHEA Efavirenz Ellagic acid Griseofulvin Methoxychlor Mifepristone Nefazodone Nevirapine Nicardipine Octicizer Permethrin Phenobarbital Phenytoin Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) Reserpine TCPOBOP Telmisartan Tolnaftate Troglitazone Valproic acid

Antagonists	3,17β-Estradiol 3α-Androstanol 3α-Androstenol 3β-Androstanol 17-Androstanol AITC Ethinyl estradiol Meclizine Nigramide J Okadaic acid PK-11195 S-07662 T-0901317

ERR

ERRα

Agonists	6,3′,4′-Trihydroxyflavone Biochanin A Cholesterol Daidzein Genistein

Antagonists	Diethylstilbestrol XCT-790

ERRβ

Agonists	DY-131 (GSK-9089) GSK-4716 (GW-4716)

Antagonists	4-Hydroxytamoxifen (afimoxifene) Diethylstilbestrol

ERRγ

Agonists	Bisphenol A DY-131 (GSK-9089) GSK-4716 (GW-4716)

Antagonists	4-Hydroxytamoxifen (afimoxifene) Diethylstilbestrol

FXR

Agonists	Bile acids Cafestol Chenodeoxycholic acid Fexaramine GW-4064 Obeticholic acid

Antagonists	Guggulsterone

LXR

Agonists	22R-Hydroxycholesterol 24S-Hydroxycholesterol 27-Hydroxycholesterol Cholestenoic acid DMHCA GW-3965 Hypocholamide T-0901317

Antagonists	Efavirenz

PPAR

PPARα

Agonists	15-HETE 15-HpETE Aleglitazar Aluminium clofibrate Arachidonic acid Bezafibrate Clofibrate CP-775146 Daidzein DHEA Elafibranor Etomoxir Fenofibrate Genistein Gemfibrozil GW-7647 Leukotriene B₄ LG-101506 LG-100754 Lobeglitazone Muraglitazar Oleylethanolamide Palmitoylethanolamide Pemafibrate Perfluorononanoic acid Perfluorooctanoic acid Pioglitazone Saroglitazar Sodelglitazar Tesaglitazar Tetradecylthioacetic acid Troglitazone WY-14643

Antagonists	GW-6471 MK-886

PPARδ

Agonists	15-HETE 15-HpETE Arachidonic acid Bezafibrate Daidzein Elafibranor Fonadelpar Genistein GW-0742 GW-501516 L-165,041 LG-101506 MBX-8025 Sodelglitazar Tetradecylthioacetic acid

Antagonists	FH-535 GSK-0660 GSK-3787

PPARγ

Agonists	5-Oxo-ETE 5-Oxo-15-hydroxy-ETE 15-Deoxy-Δ^12,14-prostaglandin J₂ 15-HETE 15-HpETE Aleglitazar Arachidonic acid Balaglitazone Berberine Bezafibrate Cevoglitazar Ciglitazone Daidzein Darglitazone Edaglitazone Efatutazone Englitazone Etalocib Farglitazar Genistein GW-1929 Ibuprofen Imiglitazar Indeglitazar LG-100268 LG-100754 LG-101506 Lobeglitazone Muraglitazar (muroglitazar) nTZDpa Naveglitazar Netoglitazone Oxeglitazar Peliglitazar Pemaglitazar Perfluorononanoic acid Pioglitazone Prostaglandin J₂ Ragaglitazar Reglitazar Rivoglitazone Rosiglitazone RS5444 Saroglitazar Sipoglitazar Sodelglitazar Telmisartan Tesaglitazar Troglitazone

SPPARMs	BADGE EPI-001 INT-131 MK-0533 S26948

Antagonists	FH-535 GW-9662 SR-202 T-0070907

Unknown	SR-1664

Unselective

Agonists	Ciprofibrate Clinofibrate Clofibride Englitazone Etofibrate Farglitazar Netoglitazone Ronifibrate Rivoglitazone Simfibrate

Unsorted

Agonists	Seladelpar

PXR

Agonists	17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Δ⁴-Androstenedione Δ⁵-Androstenediol Δ⁵-Androstenedione AA-861 Allopregnanediol Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone) Allopregnanolone Alpha-Lipoic acid Ambrisentan AMI-193 Amlodipine besylate Antimycotics Artemisinin Aurothioglucose Bile acids Bithionol Bosentan Bumecaine Cafestol Cephaloridine Cephradine Chlorpromazine Ciglitazone Clindamycin Clofenvinfos Chloroxine Clotrimazole Colforsin Corticosterone Cyclophosphamide Cyproterone acetate Demecolcine Dexamethasone DHEA DHEA-S Dibunate sodium Diclazuril Dicloxacillin Dimercaprol Dinaline Docetaxel Docusate calcium Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Dronabinol Droxidopa Eburnamonine Ecopipam Enzacamene Epothilone B Erythromycin Famprofazone Febantel Felodipine Fenbendazole Fentanyl Flucloxacillin Fluorometholone Griseofulvin Guggulsterone Haloprogin Hetacillin potassium Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) Indinavir sulfate Lasalocid sodium Levothyroxine Linolenic acid LOE-908 Loratadine Lovastatin Meclizine Methacycline Methylprednisolone Metyrapone Mevastatin Mifepristone Nafcillin Nicardipine Nicotine Nifedipine Nilvadipine Nisoldipine Norelgestromin Omeprazole Orlistat Oxatomide Paclitaxel Phenobarbital Piperine Plicamycin Prednisolone Pregnanediol Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile Proadifen Progesterone Quingestrone Reserpine Reverse triiodothyronine Rifampicin Rifaximin Rimexolone Riodipine Ritonavir Simvastatin Sirolimus Spironolactone Spiroxatrine SR-12813 Suberoylanilide Sulfisoxazole Suramin Tacrolimus Tenylidone Terconazole Testosterone isocaproate Tetracycline Thiamylal sodium Thiothixene Thonzonium bromide Tianeptine Troglitazone Troleandomycin Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate Zafirlukast Zearalanol

Antagonists	Ketoconazole Sesamin

RAR

Agonists	9CDHRA 9-cis-Retinoic acid (alitretinoin) AC-261066 AC-55649 Acitretin Adapalene all-trans-Retinoic acid (tretinoin) AM-580 BMS-493 BMS-753 BMS-961 CD-1530 CD-2314 CD-437 Ch-55 EC 23 Etretinate Fenretinide Isotretinoin Palovarotene Retinoic acid Retinol (vitamin A) Tamibarotene Tazarotene Tazarotenic acid TTNPB

Antagonists	BMS-195614 BMS-493 CD-2665 ER-50891 LE-135 MM-11253

Others	Retinoic acid metabolism inhibitors: Liarozole

RXR

Agonists	9CDHRA 9-cis-Retinoic acid (alitretinoin) all-trans-Retinoic acid (tretinoin) Bexarotene CD 3254 Docosahexaenoic acid Fluorobexarotene Isotretinoin LG-100268 LG-101506 LG-100754 Retinoic acid Retinol (vitamin A) SR-11237

Antagonists	HX-531 HX-630 LG-100754 PA-452 UVI-3003

SHR

See here instead.

VDR

Agonists	7-Dehydrocholesterol 22-Oxacalcitriol 25-Hydroxyergocalciferol Alfacalcidol Calcifediol Calciferol Calcipotriol Calcitriol Cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) Dihydrotachysterol Doxercalciferol EB-1089 Eldecalcitol Ercalcidiol Ercalcitriol Ergocalciferol (vitamin D₂) Lithocholic acid Paricalcitol Tacalcitol

Agonists	Dextrothyroxine DITPA Eprotirome (KB-2115) KB-2611 KB-130015 Levothyroxine Liothyronine MB-07811 MGL-3196 (VIA-3196) Sobetirome (GC-1, GRX-431) Thyroxine Tiratricol Triiodothyronine VK-0214 VK-2809 ZYT1

Others	Carrier proteins: Albumin Thyroxine-binding globulin Transthyretin

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